Russian Folk Dance: History and Relationship with Ballet

Russian Folk Dance History and Relationship with concert trip the light fantastic toe origination1.1 Background In gradeationRussian mountain think that the Russian dancing is a celebration of their lives. Russian syndicate dancing and kinship conclave melody discloses the discovering and an expression of spirituality. The shoot the breeze to Russia is bonnie an recognise of this rude(a) land. Russia is kn sustain as an attractive report and address collect to the scary sizing along with an interesting tarradiddle of Europe. It is conside bolshie as an ultimate tourist destination and the boorish is iodin third p fraud of European countries with the diverse melodious background. Russian jumps argon full of individual and huge performers (Chitranshi, 2009). Russian trip the light fantastics argon the hu gentleman activities which constitutes exclusively primties near human. Thus Russian terpsichore exists at this land along with their terminalinology, s ayings, proverbs and conversations. In Russia, classical concert leap is a ruler. on that steer is no discipline for the moderne bounds and as closely at that get in is no mathematical butt on space along with nigh modern schools. Russian clan dance was common among the peasants, comm unitaryrs and the lower class nation living outside the city (earlier than the rule of Peter). The higher class plenty did not dance just they were getting pleasure from the enjoyable performances of dancing trainers.The major oppositeiation among well-disposed classes in spite of appearance the culture of Russian dance besidesk place as a historical even outt. That attack had disoriented the pecks way to live life and it in like manner it changed the progress of Russian dances by stumbling its logical sequences. Russian classical concert dance dance is very popular dance any around the land and it re importanted very popular since the nineteenth century (Chitranshi, 2009 ).1.2 Aims and ObjectivesThe tec here aims to encounter the concept of Russian menage dance and the land for conversion of this into Russian concert dance dance. While the objective of this learning is to poll the concept of phratry dance in Russia and various showcases of Russian dances which argon illustrious in the republic.1.3 Research QuestionsIn order to attain aims and objectives of the look, police detective has designed beneath stated question questions-What ar the various forms of folk dance in Russia?What is the tale attached with Russian folk dance?How did Russian folk dance transformed to B aloneet dance?How the dance, as source of diversion had converted into lord dance?Who be the famous people tie in to Russian folk and B bothet dance?1.4 Russian concert danceThe material concert dance dance did not invent in Russia only if the country has contributed very a great supervise for its nurture and saucilyly Russian concert dance has gained popularity all in all over the manhood. Various concert dance dance performers along with the ballet companies give way embossed(a) out of Russia and ballet theatres are attracting people in bigger number. Ballet came into Russia during 1700s and in 1734, front ballet school was introduced (Albrght Danl 2004). ulterior few age, an imperial school of St. Petersburg comprise first Ballet caller-out in Russia. It was first dominated by Italian and Russian dances as well as chorographers. In 1800s Russias Ballet dance incorporated some ideas from folk dancing. The higher class people did not increase and publicize the art by rewarding some companies. The French choreographer named as Marius Petipa and he was historied for inventing ballet of Tchaikovsky. Russian ballet as wellk place and observed in new era in the 20th century. It has been identified in former studies that Michel Fokine (choreographer), Vaslav Nijinksy (dancer), Sergey Diaghilev and Alexandre Benois (des igner) set up the ballet company in Russia. At that point of clock duration, superb dancer Anna Pavlova was taking the place. At present Russian ballet is kn own done with(predicate)out the world and attracting lots of visitors. there is several ballet companies are operated in Russia much(prenominal) as Kremlin Ballet, Perm ballet and olympian Russian ballet academy. The well know cities have established their own ballet orchestras and theatres and that are foc utilize by number of put upers. The role of Russian ballet to the classical dances gutternot be undervalued. It has been known from past more(prenominal)(prenominal) decades and considered as the indicator of the classical dance. It leads other type of dances. Young girls are becoming ballerinas and their dreams have been powered by the famous Russian dancers. Thus Russian ballet dance has captivated large number of hearings all around the globe.1.5 Contribution of choreographers1.5.1 Vaslav NijinskyThis choreo grapher is noteworthy as the mannish dancer of all generation and he has as well cal take the god of dance (Parker and Derek, 1988). After the long snip of female dominance in the country of ballet, he over alsok the ballet dancers of those propagation such as Pavlova, Karsavina and Kschssnska established superiority in the within the male dance stage in twentieth century. His career in the ballet dance field has ended from past ten years ascribable to his mental disease. But legendary of Nijinsky leave continue until the appearance of such type personality who will overtake the ballet generation. Pole became the gun of an imperial Maryinsky theatre just after(prenominal) completing his studies from St. Petersburg school at the age of 18 years. He was the inspiration for the ballets in the westerly side. and therefore Fokine invented ballets for Nijinsky and other people like Ravel, Debussy and Stravinsky prepared music for him (Albrght, Danl 2004).At the time of Firs t World War, Nijinsky as a Russian citizen was interned in Hungry. Diaghilev got supremacy in getting him out of the country for the purpose to visit North American tour in 1916 and then he choreographed his briny intermit in Till Eulenspiegel. Indicators of dementia praecox became clear for the members of the company and then became sacred of other dancers (Anthony, 2002). The first ballet of Nijinsky named as LAprs-md molest Faun? has fashion a milestone within the floor of ballet Russes of Diaghilev. That ballet was marked near to the period in which Fokine was the biggest dancer. Thus the dancer Nijinsky emerged as a choreographer and his thoughts stimulated the doubts raised by Diaghilev and it ran contradictory to the classical folk dances of Russia. The production of first ballet was totally based some choreographic scores and they were recorded by Nijinsky in his dance entry system. It re briny(prenominal)ed for numerous years and he became unavailable receivable to h is mental illness for reproducing the oeuvre.1.5.2 Michel FokineMichel Fokine got culture from the Imperial school in St. Petersburg and then he joined Ballet Russes of Diaghilev in 1909. so he went to United States in the year 1923 where he performed for the American Ballet theatre and Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Fokine considered some slushy as well as random traditions along with the manners and techniques for expressive and inbred choreographic styles. This style is known as the recurrent topic in the field of ballet dance. His new ideas and thoughts led the success of the Diaghilev Company. He choreographed so galore(postnominal) ballets and Chopiniana that led Balanchine for trying the ballets which became his brand name. The classical ballet dance or folk dance has become unlimited since the days of Fokine and the people thinks that his choreography is old fashioned. So his ballets remained unproductive and ingested from de governance. He was surprised and take aba ck that it would happen in his career (Michel Fokine, 2011).1.5.3 Petipa along with the Russian BalletMarius Petipa was the steer dancer and the choreographer along with the ballet of St. Petersburg in the year 1962. At that time he invented multi- acted ballet for the imperial theatre of Tsar. That ballet gave directions to other ballets and it was considered as classical ballet. In 1869, Petipa took the position of the master of ballet to the Tsars imperial theatre. wherefore he created so some(prenominal) single and multi act ballets for the origination on the Russian stages. Then he created and developed Don Quixote type for the ballet in capital of the Russian Federation. He choreographed large number of dances along with numerous types of ballets.1.6 Russian Ballet PushkinThe present days consider immenseness of Russian ballet at instead a notable rate. Bolshoi and Maryinsky are among the roughly renowned companies and cultivation schools for teaching of ballet. These are well known all crosswise the world for their noteworthy practices. It is appreciable to note that the tradition of Russia is into existence even in present era. The firmness among dancers and choreographers along with the support by audience has resulting in attainment of this position. However, the past of virile nature represents the main broker for survival of this dance. The ballet of Russia was imported from France though it admiringly attained its own position in the culture and dance. The dancers and choreographers of Russia considered themselves as equivalent to that of Western countries. However, b need lovage Pushkin was the main ca drop for writing style by Russia.The involvement of this man had resulted in portrayal of characters and story telling by utilizing themes of Russia that fits with the stage and survived for more than deuce centuries for Russian ballet. Western Europe was the main contributor to Russian ballet dance since the nineteenth century. However , the end of nineteenth century has resulted in formation of Russian ballet dance that several(predicate)iates itself from all over the world and become a leader in the arena. Didelot, the person well known as Russian Ballets aim? (Steinberg, 1980), in the year 1816 along with explored Pushkin as well as termed as talent at local level, Russia started making st disembarrasses for development of its incomparable form of ballet dance.There was overlap in the midst of the Didelot and Pushkins era at St Petersburg for Imperial ballet. In comparison to the ballet dance of Western European countries, ballet dance of Russia lied far behind in the field of art. Talented Didelot along with Pushkin had resulted in foundation of unique dance of Russian ballet. In spite of the reason that these two individuals were not able to theatre of operations the domination of Russian ballet, but they deserved appreciation for their efforts. The main characteristics for Russian ballet include as fo llows (Nickles Kalman, 2008)-There is an opposition existing between gender and disciplineity. Here nationality means the Western European and Russian region.Storys berth for RussiansMusic composition of RussiansAttitude against nation to reflect work of individuals. remarkable dancing steps supported by choreography illustrating special characteristics for Russian dancing.On unfolding the ballet dance of Russia, the efforts by Pushkin in his development is influenced. The composition of music and theatrical efforts had been quite unique in Russia due(p) to the talent of Pushkin. On combining these aspects, there raised development in new arenas. The effect of Pushkin to develop Russian opera finally resulted in improvement of Russian ballet. The ballet is usually dependent on music for most(prenominal) of the countries. However, as per Slominsky (1947) stated that there exists strong relationship between these characteristics. The experiments by Pushkin along with the fresh r hythm had resulted in creation of gainsay situation among composers. As per Gerald Abraham, the Russians in this century enjoyed favourable time due to founder lyrics in spite of pseudo classicism relate to Derzhavin that are related to love poems resulting in new song in Russian for Pushkin (Abraham, 1985).However, this was inspiring to note for the dancers and choreographers. The influence by Pushkin allowed in recognizing ballet of Russian for recognition of unique genera and not the import of talent belonging to different countries. The influence of Pushkin had gartered in influencing the Russian ballet dance to be acknowledge all over the world with own image. The influence of Pushkin and Didelot had resulted in enhancing history of Russia to provide a strong background for artisanic power. The involvement of Soviet along with arts had resulted in better improven arts.The companies created in Russia, by imperial decree had gained favour from government to result in better learning experience. This had resulted in giving an opportunity along with the challenge. The support by two companies had further resulted in higher value of material found and helps in improvement of opportunities for research, but shall be well defined to check off that there is no conflicting situation.Chapter 2- Literature Review2.1 Soviet total and Folk DanceThe Soviet Union concerns for the study of folk dance as an important arena in addition to drama art and music. However, there was lack of recording that would have helped the dancers to develop their skills (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979). Prior to the revolution, there was no focus laid on folk dance. An individual need to be aware of choreography, philology in addition to tuneful folklore (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979). drop of recording system resulted in not availability of recording for choreography. The history of folk dancing in Soviet has been into existence from the 1920s to thirty-something (Blacking Kealiinohomoku, 1979).The composers from Ukraine had been involved in this arena and the country was among those who started this concept of folk dance earliest among Soviet Union. The efforts by cultural groups have resulted in trustworthy collection of wide range of roles from all across (Bukland, 2007). After the verbal expression of Russia, the country was left with two choices outward choice to follow western tradition, and inward trend to follow their culture and tradition (Schultz, 2000). That had raised the press out to have a thorough plan in such a manner that there exists a good balance between the two.The ballet present at St. Petersburg had been considered as Bolshoi too. The development of Maryinsky theatre at St. Petersburg in 1860s followed by the imperial ballet that performed at new theatre in the year 1889, and the company was named as Maryinsky Ballet Company. There later, the name of ballet at St. Petersburg was changed due to the assassination by Sergei Kiro v in the year 1934. Thereafter, Soviet Politburo was favoured for switching of Josef Stalin. There was the opposition for Kirov, by left opposition party (Treadgold, 1995). Renamed ballet institutions had been compounded due to imperial city for Soviets.The ideology from patrons had acted against Russian ballet, and that raised the concept of training of dancers for demonstrating the Bolshoi Theatre and Maryinsky. The seats were restricted for higher authorized authorities. The subject however had to face censorship resulting in ballet dance as being quite conservative (Dees, 2004). That acted against the introduction of this form of dance as a professional business. Individuals willing to carry on the operating theatre for their profession had to face this as the major barrier against growth of pains and individuals attached with it. However, there still persisted the importance for all the ballet training centres. Moscow Company was among the famous training centres for the n ame of step tiddler in the end of 19th century.Talented pool of people self-possessed at Petersburg however due focus was laid on Maryinsky Theatre. This was the main ca drug abuse of Petersburg Company leading quite ahead of Bolshoi Company and resulted in its brand value in European context (Bailey Ivanova, 1999). Regulating institutions too became an uneven situation. The Bolshoi Ballet was not as tough to be carried on as compared to Maryinsky Ballet. Therefore, the latter had to make available all the resources along with the support provided by imperial court. Therefore, Bolshoi court enjoyed freedom of art. That was too tough to come approximately out when the ballet dance in Russian context came to be known all around the world. The native dancers had to be well renowned at that instance to bring awareness among the genera.The dancer named as Theophile Gautier at St. Petersburg, belonging to Imperial school had stated that the institution of dance results into remarkabl e group of soloists, incepting the corps for ballet which was aforementioned(prenominal) as for movement speed, precision, and unity. That was the s of joy for the group to disband the right moment for reforming in quite a unique manner. The movement of those feet in perfect manner with decent match among the group, without any confusing stage were the causes of this success. The laughter and chattering were never there. The pantomime for dumb with no action, had the frame as per Lifar (1954), and his studies. That was the unique form of Russian ballet dance for executing during the mid of 19th century. Additionally, the startle of 1844 was the time when ballet dancers of Russia got trained at their place to start formation in West Europe for applauds.Though the dancers were applauded two at national and outside(a) level, non Russian choreographers belonging to different locations had formed the dancing groups. human body of dance historians at those times stated that the bal lets of Russia are not too different than those of French ballets for the Northern wind (Lifar, 1954). Additionally, the researcher had pointed that the dancers of Russia get training and learning from outside sources. The choreography training in Russia too was not of good standard. Therefore, the training and development was though noted in the country for Russian folk dance followed by the ballet dance, there still lacks the trainers. In case there would have been good number of trainers in the country, there can be improvement in ballet dancers of Russia.The Russian dancers were one or the other way linked to non native place (Lifar, 1954). The learning from those locations results into convergence among Russians including Pushkin, various choreographers and composers for establishment of Russian ballet. There raises the importance to make an effort to improve the chronological sequence for ballets in Russia. There need to be a strong link between the choreographer, composer and writer. For this purpose, ballet dancers had to be compared with that of western counterparts to compare and contrast relationship between the two. Charles Didelot was among the most famous choreographers in his times and was in link with Pushkin. However, previous ballet dancers too had worked to explore the poems of Pushkin to develop ballet dance.2.2 Isadora Duncan dance the revolution of an artist in RussiaIsadora Duncan dance is known as revolutionary person of modern type of dances who made the first Russian show or presentation in the year 1905 in St. Petersburg at the Marinsky theatre. That was the time making core that had changed the grand Russian ballet tradition. Serge Diaghileff was the founder of the ballet Russe and he told almost Isadora that she have assumption the permanent shock to classical Russian ballet dance and she had pointed the ways which were followed by them (Netti et al., 1991). Then Isadora returned to Russia for six times in her life time and foun d inspiration of the Russian workers. It has been revealed in the researches that after several years, the people will make the professional as well as personal journey in the country to bring the dedicate of American Duncan dance to the Russian people or dancers and also they will find that what would be remained within the art of Isadora in modern St. Petersburg. CEC international partners which is a Russian company and it sponsors for an artistic exchange between east and Central Europe.Isadora established a training school in Moscow by getting invitation from the commissioner of people who made efforts for brining art in drive of the people. An ideology of Soviet anti-capitalistic requested to disappointment of Duncan with the millionaires in America who failed to line of descent the schools in Germany, France and Greece (Lomax, 1959). There was little stability within the training for current dancers outside the world of ballet of the Bolshoi and Kirov. From past so many de cades, after the communism, an imitation of modern dance has been seen. It was the work of Martha and Graham and her European generation along with the training in Jazz.The dance of Isadora Duncan has brought together another dancers named as Michelle Vazquez Kickasola (Ivette Soto whitethorner and Cuban American) are elevated in Miami where the Cuban community acts as anti communist party. There were bothered about the choreography of red tunic dances to the red army songs and that may be disgusting for the people who have reformed themselves in the Russian countries in twenty first century (Hilton, Alison, 1995). It has been viewed that so many people have learned the dance as well music being as the main part for their history. get of old people from independent states like Uzbekistan and Georgia has lamented the lives of people economically and politically under the communism.2.3 Ballet dance of Ludwig MinkusLudwig Minkus was one of the biggest musical composers in the myster ies. He was having powerful posts in the imperial ballet theatres in Russia in the nineteenth century. He was known as an antecedent of Tchaikovsky but he was delicate being as a musician. Despite the obscurity, Minkus can never be forgotten. In early 1990s, the imperfection by Natalia Makarova and Rudolf Nureyev, the name of Minkus began to go outside again. Then Richard prepared the ballet recordings that presented some pudgy passages from the Minkus work and thus it provided impress and wonderful things. From past so many decades, the words came to know about the music of Minkus and it was the handed-down part in Soviet Union. That was linked with the legendary of ballet master, named as Marius Petipa. These works such as La Bayadere and Don Quixote were the two choreographers who carried by some sensible protection from eighteenth century to the present day (Corona, 1991). They were presented first time to the people all over the world.To ignore the expression of regret, the ballet was proved as successful. That success was consolidated and now it has been carried out by many companies from the federation of Russia. Thus it has resulted into the transformation of old ballets to new type of ballet. The success of these ballets with other types of ballets has laid within the power of score for bringing the emotions of the people and dance of life. Thus Minkus neither published nor revised but con prevail several arrangements that have become very popular in all over the world. It needs a new life for the people who had given up the hopes of their lives.The musical power and authority of ballet has become surprising for the people. These ballet stories has the real power and human demand in which the choreography attracts the esteem of Balletomanes, attracts music in its regularity, the beauty of the music keeps the attention of many people and it engages everyones heart. Don Quixote is a comedy and known as one of the most touching novels in the world a nd it is about the beauty among the median(a) things. La Bayadere is a tragedy that keeps an eye on the sorrows of people in case of love with full of passion, unfaithfulness, separation and death. It talks about the two things together shows a satisfying symmetry. The ability of the musician responds to the effectiveness of both the sides such as dark and light of the human being touches the main demand of the drama. The life of Minkus and the compositions of ballets and the works are poorly diagnosed and documented, thus the proper and right investigation is needed for them to explore the historical and critical material. The studies provided the help of George Verdak of Indianapolis and it made the copes of this material from the collected ballet scores. It go along by his inheritor before her death. Some major contributions gave by a prof who made scores of La Bayadere.2.4 Partnership with Marius PetipaThe rich success of his work of Don Quixote have taken a part as a major st ep in the career of Minkus and his first appointment at the imperial Russian theatre in St. Petersburg in the year 1872 as the first court composer of ballet (Degh, Linda, 1965). The death of other choreographer named as Pugni led Minkus to take his place. He became responsible for musical devices as well as library in the Bolshoi theatre. Then he was told to compose music for ballet dance for the opera Mlada. It was commissioned by the director of imperial theatre. Then the projects was ended, Minkus revised prolonged his materials after some years for the development of ballet. That was followed by ballet one after another and Minkus appeared at the Maryinsky and Bolshoi theatre and it was all the choreography of Petipa. The researches have revealed that between the year1869 and 1886, Petipa generated only 4-8 ballets without composing any music by Minkus and that was the important partnership of these two artists.Chapter 3- Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionThe chapter here exp lores research methodology used to complete this disquisition. Researcher explores the type of study undertaken at this instance and the advance used for analysing results. The researcher also explores the type of selective information used in the research and the approach used for the dissertation. The researcher has also explored aims and objectives of the research followed by research questions to achieve these.3.2 Aims and ObjectivesThe researcher here aims to understand the concept of Russian folk dance and the reason for conversion of this into Russian Ballet dance. While the objective of this study is to analyse the concept of folk dance in Russia and various types of Russian dances which are famous in the country.3.3 Research questionsIn order to attain aims and objectives of the research, researcher has designed below stated research questions-What are the various forms of folk dance in Russia?What is the history attached with Russian folk dance?How did Russian folk dance transformed to Ballet dance?How the dance, as source of entertainment had converted into professional dance?Who are the famous people linked to Russian folk and Ballet dance?3.4 trope for ResearchFor this research, researcher has used interpretative approach for research. Therefore, the interpretations acted as the main source for data analysis. In addition to this, the descriptive nature of approach was used for research purpose. Researcher has made an effort to collect lower-ranking data from various sources to have a clear thought process for the subject under study. The folk dance in Russia, right from its history to present times is analysed. Various famous personalities were also covered in the research to understand the philosophical approach in the country. Although it is preferred by researchers such as Richards Hall (2000) to collect both primary and secondary winding data while carrying on the research process, secondary data was elect hereon by the researcher due to complexity attached with primary data collection approach. Collection of primary data would have added too much to the complexity of this project.First of all, researcher had a clear arrest of the research topic to understand all the concepts related with Russian folk dance. This helped in designing clear aims and objectives of the research. Thereafter, secondary data was analysed further to formulate the dissertation sections and integrate them well to ensure the logical flow of discussion. Then researcher had made an effort to attain the aims and objectives of research by answering research questions. This helped in final conclusion to demonstrate the findings.3. 5 Research strategy UsedThe researcher has made use of case study as research strategy by designing of complete research process. This helped in clearly defining research conundrums that relate with the subject under study. The use of case study helped in gaining solution for the research. This had helped in acting as main cause for decision making stage to attain the aims and objectives of research. Theories related to folk and ballet dance of Russia were discussed to have a sound understanding of the subject under study. Therefore, case study was taken as a favourable approach for determining the research and evaluating it thoroughly (Robert, 2003). This approach helps in analysing results based on the theoretical framework prepared for the research.Case study is used widely as per researchers such as Robert (2003) to analyse the outcomes due to high reliability and consistency associated with the concept. These help in exploratory study of the subject topic using numerous case studies for using the replication process to analyse based on the theory collected (Yin, 1994). The conceptual methods have been explored well through the use of case study method to analyse the results (Yin, 1994).Through case study method, theoretical background of folk dance in Russia would be created to know about t he existence of this traditional approach, which had resulted in Ballet dance introduction and the conversion of dance into professional dance. Therefore, case study seems to be the reliable tool for getting results within short span of time. This would also help the researcher to get rid of any sort of biasness due to different beliefs.3.6 Method to Collect dataFor this research purpose, researcher has taken secondary data as the choice. Number of books, and magazines were referred along with journals and various internet sources. These would help in formulation of strong base to carry out research process. The results would be obtained thoroughly through this strategy to attain outcomes.Relationship Between Parent And Child chequer upRelationship Between Parent And Child DivorceThere are several key emotional factors that play a role in how a child feels throughout the entire process of their parents dissociate and after the dissever has been finalized. The effect of some emo tional issues may not deck up until way after the divorcement takes place. The pursuit aspects often determine how divorce affects a child age, gender, the relationship with the parents, and the maturity level of the child. Because of the amount of children who experience their parents divorce and the possibility that an equally high number of children will suffer same agony in the future, its important to understand the clashing of divorce on childrens adjustment (Landucci, 16).Divorce is an unbearable occurrence for practically all children. The childrens initial reactions may include guilt, anger, and depression (Kaplan, 244). According to metalworker children tend to hide their feelings of sadness and anxiety and have hassle expressing their true feelings (55). They may also show changes in demeanour such as fear, regression, eternal rest disturbances and grief for the other parent, which may cause them to respond with aggression or rebellion. VanderValk, Spruijt, Goede, Maas Meeus, suggested that problem behavior following maternal separation is a example sign that the child is having trouble adjusting to the situation (534). The children might become disruptive, disobedient, and brush off their parent requirements as a way of displaying frustration about the forthcoming divorce (Landucci, 16).The relationship between parent and child may also change during the initial stage of divorce according to Wallerstein (410). The broken fellowship following the divorce causes the children to make immediate emotional and behavioral changes (410). Consequently, that broken connection changes the family dynamics as well. For example, the parent with primary custody may become stricter and more controlling while the absent parent becomes more lenient and sympathetic, perhaps because they are less accessible to the children. Both parents become inconsistent in their discipline routines and stop requiring their children to mature and grow up, which in turn causes them to have difficulty communicating with the children (Kaplan, 244).Once children go through the first stage of divorce, some show a significant potency to improve, whereas others do not. How fast children adjust to their parents divorce in the beginning depends on if a safe(p) atmosphere is set up and on the support system accessible to the child. According to the USA Today, It is best to keep kids in the same house and school so they can retain the same friends, the same routines, and have some sense of stability in their lives (8) at this unstable time direct following the split. Unfortunately, sometimes a secure atmosphere and support system is not available. Parents are at a loss and have to change their own lives. Family members are often critical, which may change their relationship with both the children and the parents. The childrens relationships with friends may also be touched because some feel embarrassed about what is taking place in their family. Friends o f the family may feel obligated to take sides and only continue interaction with only one parent. Consequently, the main support systems are decreased at a time when increased support is very important (Kaplan, 245).several(prenominal) of the early reactions to divorce eventually become less difficult or go away by the end of the first year to 18 months. However, the long term effects of divorce on children can be severe. In a study conducted by Kelly and Wallerstein, on children whose parents divorced during their mettle school years, children were divided into two groups early latency (7 and 8 years old) and late latency (9 and 10 years old). The participants in the study were examined immediately after the separation, 12-18 months later, and during a follow up interview one year later. The results revealed that the 7 and 8 year olds were sad, while the 9 and 10 year olds demonstrated symptoms of denial and avoidance. Both groups of children showed increased demanding and aggres sive behavior because most of their mothers lacked disciplinary knowledge. At the follow-up interviews one year later all but 4 of the children who had suffered academically hadnt returned to their previous levels (25).Ten years later, Wallerstein continued to follow the children in the study above. In this study she found that the majority of the older children acknowledged feelings of neediness, sadness and a greater sense of vulnerability. Although it had been 10 years since the divorce, the children were still sad about losing their two parent family and the lack of contact they had with their other parent. They feared being deceived in relationships and were very worried about personal responsibilities. One fourth of the girls and half of the boys were considered poorly adjusted and at high risk (205).How severe the long term effects of divorce will be on children depend on many factors following the divorce. In fact, the anxiety and line after the divorce has more impact on the childrens mental health than the divorce itself. According to Kaplan, the children suffer deeply if the parents continue to agitate because they have difficulty coping with the stress of the break up when there is a lot of conflict between parents. If parental conflict and financial problems are reduced and if cordial support systems are in place, childrens adjustment problems are less severe (246). Unfortunately, parents difficulties involving finances, loneliness, fear, anxiety about the future, and the loss of social supports reduce their ability to give the children what they need to step down the blow of divorce (Kaplan 245).Children may cope with divorce in different ways however, their reaction to divorce differs by age, gender, and maturity level. According to Smith one-third of divorces happen when children are under the age of five. This age group has the most difficulty expressing their feelings because they are so young (65). Therefore, babies may not understand t hat their parents are divorcing, but they may respond to their parents attitude and behavior changes. Preschoolers often have a negative reaction. According to Wallerstein et al., they are too young to understand what is going on therefore, they may blame themselves for the divorce. They may also regress have separation anxiety, and fear being abandoned. schooltime age children feel helpless and scared when their parents divorce. They frequently experience allegiance problems because they feel like they have to choose between their parents (199). According to Wallerstein et al., or so half of the children in this age group had severe drops in academic achievements during the first year of their parents divorce. This age group is also often umbrageous at one or both parents. Teenagers tend to have difficulty coping with anger when their parents divorce (200). According to Smith, teenagers are vulnerable because they are starting to get an understanding of the adult world and someti mes are conflicted in how they should show their emotions (60). They often show signs of depression, acting out, emotional and social withdrawal, and have anxiety about their future (Kaplan, 245). They may also feel unloved, insufficient, ineffective, and attacked as a result of the divorce (Smith, 60).The effect of divorce tends to be greater for boys than it is for girls. Boys are much more likely to experience academic, social, and psychological problem than girls. According to VanderValk et al., boys tend to act out their emotions through externalized problem behavior while girls tend to internalize their emotions. Girls raised by their father tend to be less responsible and less mature than girls raised by their mothers. On the other hand, psychologists believe fathers have an effect on their daughters development. Girls raised by their mothers tend to have difficulty relating to men later on. Girls with divorced parents are also more flirtatious, sexually precocious, and seduc tive. (Kaplan, 245).Almost one in three children will undergo the pain of their parents divorcing. Therefore its full to know how divorce affects children. Even through numerous children change from a two parent legal residence to a one parent home with ease some face challenges as they make the musical passage into this new type of family. The less pain and stress there is in the home, the simpler the transition will be for the child. It is valuable to let children talk about what they are feeling so that they wont develop behaviors that will affect them later in life. It is also valuable for parents to help their children develop coping skills to deal with their feeling regarding the divorce to guarantee that they develop strategies to help them grow personally, psychologically, and socially (Landucci, 20).In conclusion, children first reaction to divorce can include a variety of emotions and behaviors. They usually recover from the immediate devastation of their intact family culture after a year or so however, the long term effects of divorce can be severe if parents continue to fight and have no support system to support them transitioning into their new life. The use of divorce mediation services can ease some of the stress (Kaplan, 260).