Lévi-Straus Essay Example For Free At Magic Help - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3567 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Anthropology Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Question: What was the reaction of British anthropologists to Là ©vi-Strausss work? Claude Là ©vi-Strauss (1908) was and is the pope of structuralism, to quote Marcel Hà ©naff. (1998:2) As my account of his contribution to the shaping of this ‘method or ‘tool as he himself insisted on calling it (Kuper 1996:175, Hà ©naff 1998:6) later in this essay illustrates, that is something that can hardly be disputed. It is not so self-evident, however, what the overall importance of his work for social anthropology was, and how well-received his ideas were at the time of their emergence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Là ©vi-Straus Essay Example For Free At Magic Help" essay for you Create order In this essay, I will focus on the latter question in the context of Britain, in particular with reference to Edmund Leach (1910-1989). To come to an answer to this question, I will first briefly describe the British anthropological landscape before the introduction of Là ©vi-Strausss concept of structuralism. Then I will give an outline of Là ©vi-Strausss ideas and his applications thereof, and assess of every aspect of Là ©vi-Strausss work to what extent it was valued, adopted and applied by British anthropologists such as Leach. It is hereby necessary that I pay attention to the positive reactions as well as the substantial criticism Là ©vi-Strauss received from British anthropologists. Finally, by summarizing previously made points, I will hopefully be able to assess whether the reaction of Leach and others to Là ©vi-Strausss structuralism and the ideas it brought forward was predominantly positive or negative and what the overall impact of Là ©vi-Strauss on Leachs an thropology was. Needless to say, Là ©vi-Strauss was not the first French theorist whose ideas would have noticeable influence in British anthropology. In the first half of the 20th century, after the ‘fall of Frazers evolutionism that aimed to compare the details of human culture on a worldwide scale, Durkheims sociological theories were a major inspiration for one of the central figures in British social anthropology: Radcliffe-Brown. (Leach 1970:7) His focus was on coherence within groups in (primitive) societies; put very simply, the dominant view was that all institutions and ‘aspects of cosmology such as religion served primarily to maintain the group structure, by functioning as tools for the recreation of appropriate sentiments and the enforcement of norms. (Kuper 1996:160) Radcliffe-Browns anthropology was clearly naturalist, in the sense that Radcliffe-Brown and his followers tended to assume that the associations and oppositions which people seized upon were somehow presented to them by their environment. (Ibid:170) Another important aspect of British anthropology, introduced by its ‘founding father, Malinowski, was the fact that it was thoroughly empiricist. The belief reigned that theories had to be distilled from empirical facts obtained through fieldwork. (Ibid:170) Malinowski and those in his tradition can be classified as functionalists, for the purpose of their research was to show how a community functioned as a social system, and how its individual members lived their lives. (Leach 1970:7) Là ©vi-Strauss was not the first anthropologist to be concerned with structure either. In fact, the Oxford school in the 1940s, led by Radcliffe-Brown, were already looking into the explicit code of social behaviour. However, they did not pay much attention to ‘psychological problems, that is to say, processes of thought, which was a result of their sociological orientation characterized by neglect of the tradition of Tylor and the culture concept. (Kuper 1996:159-160) It is worth noting that Là ©vi-Strauss entered anthropology from philosophy, for this explains the choice of many of his focal points. (Hà ©naff 1998:2) Là ©vi-Strauss, too, was inspired by Durkheim particularly by his later work on a model of society built up of segments integrated by force of mechanical or organic solidarity as well as by Mausss work on exchange, yet he came to different conclusions than Radcliffe-Brown and other British anthropologists, as we will see. (Kuper 1996:160,162) Other sources of inspiration for Là ©vi-Strauss were American cultural anthropologists from the tradition of Boas, as well as trends in psycho-analysis (notably Freud), mathematics and communication. (Leach 1967:XVI) But the most determinative influence on his work came from Roman Jakobson and his De Saussure-inspired linguistic theory, based on the distinction between ‘parole (code, utterances) and ‘langue (message, gr ammar). (Kuper 1996:160, Leach 1970:45-46) In the following section of my essay I will give an outline of the conclusions Là ©vi-Strauss came to through his research inspired by the abovementioned. I will first explain the goal of his work and his definitions of and views on certain concepts, and then discuss how he applied his method of structuralist analysis to the major themes in his work (in chronological order): kinship, primary classification, and myth. At the same time, I will shed light on the reactions of British anthropologists to these ideas, with specific reference to Leach. The interest of British social anthropologists in structuralism arose in the 1950s and 1960. British imperialism was falling into decay, and partly because of these circumstances British anthropology became more open to new, foreign ideas. (Kuper 1996:161) The goal of Là ©vi-Strausss anthropology was a fundamentally different one from that of functionalists. His ultimate concern was to und erstand social relations by uncovering the social structure and, in that way, to establish facts which are true about ‘the human mind. To achieve this, he reasoned, one should use models. (Hà ©naff 1998:14, Leach 1970:7) â€Å"In anthropology as in linguistics [†¦], it is not comparison that supports generalization, but the other way around. If, as we believe to be the case, the unconscious activity of the mind consists in imposing forms upon content, and if these forms are fundamentally the same for all minds ancient and modern, primitive and civilized [†¦] it is necessary and sufficient to grasp the unconscious structure underlying each institution and each custom, in order to obtain a principle of interpretation valid for other institutions and other customs, provided of course that the analysis is carried far enough.† (Là ©vi-Strauss 1963:21) In order to understand his work, it is important to determine what Là ©vi-Strauss understood when using the term ‘social structure. He went further than Radcliffe-Brown, who defined social structure as the set of social relations organized in a system, by arguing that a structure was in fact a model of which social relations are just the â€Å"raw materials† and that therefore â€Å"social structure can, by no means, be reduced to the ensemble of the social relations to be described in a given society†. (Hà ©naff 1998:13-14) According to Là ©vi-Strauss, a structure was conceivable only where there was a sufficient degree of internal motivation (as opposed to arbitrariness). Therefore, certain objects only were receptive to the structural approach; their nature had to be closed and finite, and their function had to be to differentiate and order positions and statuses and to link groups through individuals. Là ©vi-Strauss focused primarily on primitive soci eties, for their forms of organization were stable and tending toward stability, and their activities limited and integrated. (Ibid:8-9) This groundwork of structuralism became a source of inspiration and guidance for various social anthropologists in Britain, such as Douglas, Needham, and most notably Leach, who Kuper described as â€Å"the most enthusiastic and original of the British social anthropologists who experimented with structuralism† and who was responsible for extending its range of applications. (Kuper 1996:173) Là ©vi-Strauss revived their interest in the study of systems of thought and encouraged them to apply linguistic methods onto their anthropological research, as I will illustrate when discussing individual themes in Là ©vi-Strausss work. Leach and other British structuralists adopted his notion of an ‘underlying grammar, that was based upon a series of binary oppositions which were related to form a system. (Ibid:172) Moreover, Leach always praised Là ©vi-Strauss for causing innovation in anthropology, in the sense that the latter was responsible for applying an original method to categories of orthodox ethnography and directing anthropologists attention towards problems that earlier British anthropologists scarcely considered. (Leach 1967:XVI-XVII) However, this is not to say that Leach was a ‘slavish imitator of Là ©vi-Strauss. (Leach 1967:XV) In fact, he challenged or in some cases even set aside some of the very foundations of Là ©vi-Strausss approach. (Hà ©naff 1998:70) First of all, the goal of Leachs research was different from Là ©vi-Strausss. Leach did not aim to identify psychological universals, but rather to elucidate particular social systems. (Kuper 1996:167) This different viewpoint on the purpose of structuralist analysis was caused by Leachs non-belief in the universality of the mind; he saw it as Là ©vi-Strausss own ‘invention, meant to create a philosophical extension of ethn ological results. (Hà ©naff 1998:113) Besides, Leach considered the linguistic model Là ©vi-Strauss employed too simplistic for the purpose of reaching into ‘the human mind. (Leach 1970:112) Rather than displaying the structure of the human mind, Là ©vi-Strauss had â€Å"ended up by telling us something about the structure of aesthetic perception.† (Ibid:113) Through ‘verbal juggling, as Leach called it, Là ©vi-Strauss tried to convince his readers of this theory that was generalized and paradoxical, for what is universally true must be natural while Là ©vi-Strauss held the humanity of man to be non-natural by definition (as I will explain in the section on primary classification). (Ibid:82,112) Leach, for one, never came to understand Là ©vi-Strausss notion of the mind fully. (Hà ©naff 1998:262) But perhaps the most important point of criticism from Leach and other structuralists and critics of Là ©vi-Strauss was that the initial model revolving ar ound ‘universally true, basic meaningful principles which Là ©vi-Strauss relied on was in fact a product of the observers own prejudiced presuppositions and rarely corresponded closely to an ethnographic reality. (Leach 1970:19,110) This point is related to the different stances on empiricism that Là ©vi-Strauss and most contemporaneous Anglo-American anthropologists held. Là ©vi-Strauss did value and indeed conduct observation, but as he believed in an underlying social structure and universality of the human mind, he saw ethnographic facts as displays of a theoretical model at work; mere examples of what is possible. (Ibid:42) As Hà ©naff put it: â€Å"In fact, he asked anthropology to proceed just like any science of observation: to be very empirical and meticulous regarding data gathering and very conceptual regarding the theorization of the set of such data.† (Hà ©naff 1998:15) Not surprisingly, this position caused significant resistance among Briti sh social anthropologists, even those who viewed structuralism positively. According to Leach, among others, it led to Là ©vi-Strauss treating his topics too theoretically and systematically and ignoring time, space, emotion and taboo throughout his research. (Leach 1970:87,60) In other words, he criticised Là ©vi-Strausss reductionism. Là ©vi-Strauss generally provided too little ethnographical evidence, and if he did, he seemed to select this ethnographical evidence to fit his theories. (Ibid:87,90,98,117) A consequence of this is that the contrary is difficult to demonstrate, and therefore Là ©vi-Strausss theories can not be critically tested. (Ibid:50,117) Kinship was the first object that Là ©vi-Strauss regarded receptive to the structural approach, and this is the field where the influence of Mauss was most perceptible. Là ©vi-Strauss came to the conclusion that reciprocity was the key for understanding kinship. He went as far as to say that marriage was the pri mary exchange system and that the system of exchanges of women formed the basis for the organization of all societies with any ideology of unilineal descent. (Ibid:104) A central position in his theory about kinship was occupied by the incest taboo, which provided certain prohibitions and in ‘simple kinship systems also a positive marriage rule as to who one can/cannot/should marry. In the case of the latter he drew an additional distinction between generalized and restricted exchange, and created a third ‘bastard form: delayed reciprocity, which is basically a generalized exchange system where the next rather than the same generation returns a woman. Là ©vi-Strauss identified the problem that generalized exchange was speculative and led to differences between groups in terms of their ‘richness in wives despite its egalitarian and integrative nature, an idea that Leach agreed with. (Kuper 1996:162-164) While studying kinship, Là ©vi-Strauss assumed that bot h the marriage rules and the actual marriage choices were more or less independent refractions of the single underlying, unconscious grammar of reciprocity and opposition. Therefore, he believed that the way to discover this grammar was either through an analysis of the peoples model, or of the statistical distribution of marriage choices, with a preference for the first method because of the influence political, economic and demographic factors have in practice. Là ©vi-Strauss was convinced that analysis of simple kinship systems could also illuminate complex kinship systems, for his research had shown that even in the absence of explicit rules a pattern of choices could be discovered. (Kuper 1996:164-165) Leach and his students adopted Là ©vi-Strausss view of society as a system of communication in which women were the ‘message. He made Là ©vi-Strausss analysis more specific by defining the units that exchanged women: local groups of adult males recruited by descent . (Kuper 1996:166-167) Leach did however reveal ambiguities in Là ©vi-Strausss ideas about kinship: Là ©vi-Strausss confusion of ‘marriage and ‘exogamy, the unclear meaning of ‘elementary structures and the mistaken presumption that unilineal descent systems were universal. (Leach 1970:102-105) Most importantly, Leach argued against Là ©vi-Strauss by pointing out that forms of exchange were adapted to political and economic circumstances. (Kuper 1996:167) In the 1960s, after having published several books on kinship systems, Là ©vi-Strauss himself too noticed that kinship was too embedded in social action to provide a sure guide to mental processes, which is why he shifted his scope to ‘purer expressions of social thought that did not deal with objects: primary classification and myth. (Ibid:169) In his works La Pensà ©e Sauvage and Le Totà ©misme aujourdhui, among others, Là ©vi-Strauss studied the way in which the social and natural environment was ordered by verbal categories. The human mind, he argued, imposed patterns on its world by classifying objects using terms that were arbitrary, yet the relationships between these terms had a more universal character. In this way, our process of thought created a set of binary oppositions that formed a system that could be applied to other kinds of relationships, for example between social groups. (Ibid:169-170) The most important oppositions in the structural conceptual system, and therefore in Là ©vi-Strausss work, were Culture/Nature and closely related Humanity/Animality. (Ibid:172, Leach 1970:36) Totemism, the application of transformations of the animal level categories to the social classification of human beings, is a method for members of a society to distinguish their fellow humans according to their mutual social status. (Leach 1970:39-40) Là ©vi-Strauss saw distinguishing between ‘two poles as necessary in the analysis of primitive thought and manifes tations thereof, such as myth, language, colours, and foodstuffs and their modes of preparation: â€Å"Where Barthes opposes system and syntagm, the corresponding contrasts in Là ©vi-Strauss are metaphor and metonym or sometimes paradigmatic series and syntagmatic chain [†¦]. Although the jargon is exasperating the principles are simple. As Jakobson put it, metaphor (system, paradigm) relies on the recognition of similarity, and metonymy (syntagm) on the recognition of contiguity.† (Ibid:48) The final conclusion Là ©vi-Strauss came to on the topic of the human mind, was that its ‘algebra could be represented as a rectangular matrix that could be read horizontally and vertically, and that this principle was universal.(Ibid:52) Là ©vi-Strausss works on primary classification belonged to his most Durkheimian, and they therefore became the ‘entry for many British social anthropologists to structuralism. (Kuper 1996:169) As I have made clear earlier, B ritish structuralists were extremely critical of Là ©vi-Strausss use of mathematical models. Despite the fact that he did not take all of Là ©vi-Strauss applications of structuralist analysis in the field of primary classification seriously (as was the case with Là ©vi-Strausss study on food preparation), Leach applied his less reductionist version of structuralist analysis in ‘new fields, for example on animals. Leach, as well as Douglas, had a particular interest in anomaly, and the taboos originating from it. Douglas was more critical than Leach on this point: she rejected Là ©vi-Strausss system of categories of thought for it failed to take into account the emotive force of symbolic action, and she also suggested the addition of a third term to binary oppositions. (Ibid:173) More or less simultaneously with studying primary classification, Là ©vi-Strauss started looking into myth. According to Là ©vi-Strauss, the aim of myths was to provide logical models ca pable of resolving some of the contradictions and problems people faced in their lives. (Ibid:172) Many of the myths he analysed had by that time already become divorced from their religious context, but in Là ©vi-Strausss eyes this did not make them any less valid for they still possessed their essential structural characteristics. (Leach 1970:56) Put very simply, Là ©vi-Strauss believed that the real message of myth was contained in a system of relationships (often binary oppositions) with which the myth concerned itself. (Kuper 1996:172) To identify these relationships, the myth should be broken up into incidents. (Leach 1970:62) Là ©vi-Strauss already referred to the importance of taking all versions of one myth into account in order to compare them. He saw the mythology of a given society as a whole as a ‘system, and each individual story as a syntagm of that system. (Ibid:67-69) Leach developed this latter notion further. According to him, the existence of multi ple myths was a matter of ‘redundancy in communication and an intrinsic and necessary feature of mythic tradition, for it ensured that the message, determining the myths social and political value by being a system of concepts and categories in terms of which a claim for power or status may be made, got through. The combination of several versions of one myth formed a structured system of categories organised in local relations of identification, opposition and mediation, which blurred the otherwise stark paradoxes and mysteries that arose. Therefore myth had a cognitive function. Only structuralist analysis could reveal abovementioned system, Leach argued, and thus discover the real message of a myth. (Hugh-Jones and Laidlaw 2000:14-15) While clearly using his method, Leach criticized Là ©vi-Strausss own research on myth for using sources that ‘normal people could not consult, and for considering predominantly myths about animals endowed with human attributes, th ereby supporting Là ©vi-Strausss from Rousseau derived thesis that the Humanity/Animality (or Culture/Nature) opposition was a primary concern in human thought. (Ibid:15, Leach 1967:IX) Finally, Leach disagreed with Là ©vi-Strausss belief that structuralist analysis could not be applied to the traditions of the world traditions as it was ‘sacred history rather than myth. Leach proved his point by conducting structuralist analysis on the Bible. (Hugh-Jones and Laidlaw 2000:16) Now I have described both the praise and criticism of Leach and some of his fellow British anthropologists that Là ©vi-Strausss structuralist analysis and his applications thereof received, the moment has come to return to the central question of this essay: what was the reaction of British anthropologists, specifically Leach, to Là ©vi-Strausss work? As I have shown, Là ©vi-Strausss structuralism was a departure from the functionalism and empiricism that reigned British anthropology in th e middle of the 20th century. The reductionism and the supposed universality of the human mind that Là ©vi-Strauss advocated were generally rejected, and his cavalier use of ethnographic evidence was disapproved of. Leach definitely was a fierce critic of the errors in Là ©vi-Strausss analysis, but at the same time he considered the ‘study of fallacies rewarding, and the complexity of Là ©vi-Strausss work revealing. (Leach 1970:111,118) Moreover, he and most other British ‘reviewers of Là ©vi-Strausss work could not deny that Là ©vi-Strauss had made significant theoretical observations and was responsible for creating a ‘new anthropology. Leach, like Douglas and Needham, drew a great deal of inspiration from Là ©vi-Strauss structuralism as abovementioned examples from the fields of myth, primary classification and to a lesser extent kinship have demonstrated. By taking both positive and negative aspects of Là ©vi-Strausss method into account, Leach dev eloped a less generalized, more empirical form of structuralist analysis, with a more realistic goal in mind, which he used come to improved conclusions on topics Là ©vi-Strauss had already looked into as well as to study other phenomena. â€Å"He has provided us with a new set of hypotheses about familiar materials. We can look again at what we thought was understood and begin to gain entirely new insights. It is not a question of Là ©vi-Strauss being right or Là ©vi-Strauss being wrong; it is more like literary or dramatic criticism. Faced with the challenge of a new point of view one is suddenly able to see the familiar in quite a different way and to understand something which was previously invisible.† (Leach 1967:XVIII) Bibliography Hà ©naff, M. 1998. â€Å"Introduction: Là ©vi-Strauss and Structuralism†, â€Å"Structures of Kinship†, â€Å"Unconscious Categories and the Universality of the Mind† and â€Å"Notes†. In Claude Là ©vi-Strauss and the Making of Structural Anthropology, 1-21. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Hugh-Jones, S. and Laidlaw, J. 2000. â€Å"On Scholastic Nonsense: Myth and History†. In The essential Edmund Leach, Volume II: Culture and Human Nature (ed.) S. Hugh-Jones and J. Laidlaw, 13-18. New Haven/London: Yale University Press. Kuper, A. 1996. â€Å"Là ©vi-Strauss and British neo-structuralism†. In Anthropology and Anthropologists: The modern British school, 3rd edition, 159-175. London: Routledge. Leach, E. 1967. â€Å"Introduction†. In The Structural Study of Myth and Totemism (ed.) E. Leach, VII-XIX. London: Routledge. Leach, E. 1970. Là ©vi-Strauss. London: Fontana/Collins. Là ©vi-Strauss, C. 1963. â₠¬Å"Introduction: History and Anthropology†. In Structural Anthropology, 1-30. New York: Basic Books.

LAB 4 Observations of Chemical and Physical Change Part 1

LAB REPORT 4 Observations of Chemical and Physical Change PART 1 – OBSERVATIONS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE No credit will be given for this lab report if the Data section is not completely filled out and if the required photographs are not received. At least one photograph must show the student’s face. OBJECTIVES 1. Observe physical and chemical changes. 2. Define physical and chemical change. 3. Identify the relationship between a chemical change and a chemical reaction. 4. Observe several indicators of a chemical reaction. 5. Associate chemical properties with common items (food, household products). PROCEDURE Please complete the entire experiment as instructed in the lab manual except for any modifications noted below. Fill out the†¦show more content†¦Define physical change. . A chemical change is usually reversible change in the physical properties of a substance, as size or shape. 2. Define chemical change. A chemical change is usually irreversible chemical reaction involving the rearrangement of the atoms of one or more substances and a change in their chemical properties or composition, resulting in the formation of at least one new substance.Show MoreRelatedPhysical and Chemical Change Lab1321 Words   |  6 PagesPatrick Kelly 10/16/12 Physical and Chemical Changes Lab Question: How do you distinguish a physical and chemical change? Hypothesis: If we use these materials and use magnets, water, burners, and filters on the mixtures and elements given we should determine what kind of effect these materials given will have on these mixtures and elements, physical or chemical. Procedures: -Part A: Record all observations of Part A in Data Table 1 1. Label each substance on seven pieces of paperRead MorePhysical and Chemical Changes1253 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Physical and Chemical Changes Purpose: Recognize and distinguish between chemical and physical changes Apparatus and Material: evaporating dish, Bunsen burner, wood splint, test tubes, micro spatula, dropper, mortar and pestle, test tube holder, safety goggles, lab apron. Piece of paper, NaCl (sodium chloride), water, 6 M HCL (hydrochloric acid), 0.1 M AgNO3 (silver nitrate), Mg ribbon, 6 M HCL (hydrochloric acid), CuSO4 5 H2O, 0.50g iron fillings, 0.50g of powdered sulfur, magnet,Read MoreLe Chateliers Principle1537 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose: The purpose of this lab is to develop a deeper understanding of LeChatelier’s Principle by observing several systems at chemical equilibrium and interpreting the effects of varying concentrations and temperature. The principle states that if systems at equilibria are altered or disturbed in any form, the equilibria will shift to reduce the disturbing influence ( Catalyst, 186). In a 3 part experiment, we analyzed the outcome of changes in reactant and product concentrations, equilibriumRead MoreThe Effect Of Cellulose On The Chemical Equation933 Words   |  4 Pagesoff light and heat. Burning is a chemical change for new substances are created that cannot changed back are formed. Oxygen is needed for combustion or also called rapid oxidation. When oxygen is added, it causes a fire to burn hotter and faster. In this lab both wood and steel wool were burned in pure oxygen and air. Wood is mixture of many substances but for this lab we will focus on the cellulose aspect for the chemical equation. Cellulose has the same chemical formulation as sugar of C6H12O6Read MoreQualitative Observation Of A Chemical Reaction Lab Report1343 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative Observation of a Chemical Reaction Purpose: Carefully observe and interpret a chemical reaction. Apparatus: Equipment- 250mL beaker, 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, cardboard square, chemical scoop, metric ruler, lab countertop, rubber stoppers, safety goggles, lab apron Materials- candle ( 2cm diameter), matchbook, 2 toothpicks, Limewater solution, string, aluminum foil, Cobalt Chloride paper Procedure: Note appearance, odor, and feel of the unlighted candle. Heat the bottom of the candleRead MoreClass Action Lab Report Essay examples1100 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Sulaiman Alya Abourezk 4/13/12-4/14/12 Class Action Lab Report Purpose: To determine, through observations, the identity of substances produced in a chemical reaction. Materials: Safety Goggles Stirring rod Magnesium ribbon Solid CuSO4†¢H2O Matches Test tubes Copper metal 3M HCl Red and blue litmus strips 0.1M AgNO3 Zinc metal 0.1M Pb(NO3)2 Test tube holder 0.1M KI Bunsen burner 0.1M Na2NO3 Crucible tongs 1.0M NaOH Water (H2O) 0.1M Ca(NO3)2 50mL beakerRead MoreExtraction Of Salt From A Mixture. Priscilla Etim. Thursday1551 Words   |  7 PagesThese particular qualities are identified as either physical or chemical properties. Physical properties are properties which do not require a chemical change of its composition in order for the substance to be classified. A few examples of physical properties include color, density, odor, boiling point, melting point. On the other hand, chemical properties are vastly different. Chemical properties are characterized by a complete chemical change in composition with other substances. Such propertiesRead MoreOrganic Chemistry Lab Report4021 Words   |  17 PagesOrganic Chemistry Lab I and II GUIDELINES FOR WRITING LAB REPORTS INTRODUCTION Writing reports in organic chemistry lab may differ from the way it’s done in general chemistry. One goal of this course is to introduce you to the record keeping methods used in research labs. Such methods are designed to organize experimental data in a format similar to that required for publication in major scientific journals. Here are some important considerations that apply in research settings. 1. Your work is uniqueRead MoreProperties of Gases1568 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose: The purpose of this experiment was to test and observe the physical and chemical properties of gases, and to use these properties to identify these gases when they are encountered. Procedure: Create a data table similar to that in the lab assistant to record your observations. Gather the following lab equipment: Goggles, test tubes, 24 well plate, Gas assembly with copper and plastic tubing and a #00 stopper, short stem pipet, rubber stopper #00 with one hole and a pipet tip withRead MoreLabpaq725 Words   |  3 Pagesfor Experiment # 1 Properties of Gases Students Name Lisa Anthony 20/20 Date of Experiment 09/29/2013 Date Report Submitted Please leave nothing blank Title: Properties of Gases Purpose: To investigate some physical and chemical properties of gases To use these properties to identify these gases when they are encountered Procedure: Have you made any changes to the procedure? Please explain. If you made no changes, state so. (1 point) No

Employment Standards and Labour Code

Question: Discuss about the Employment Standards and Labour Code. Answer: Introduction: This Act would be applicable to all the people of Alberta. There are certain duties which very person of Alberta would have to fulfill. The human rights of all the people have been recognized by this Act. All the employees and the employers have also been brought under the purview of this Act. Also it has been stated that no person has the right to discriminate amongst each other. It applies to all the men and the women. Also this Act is applicable to the condomium corporations (Koshan, J., 2016). This was established through a case in the year 2016. Non profit organizations are also included under this Act(Women and the law in Alberta, 2015). Scope The Alberta Human Rights Act came into force in the year 1966. In this year it was originally passed. The origin of this Act could be stated to be the time when the Alberta government was in need of a comprehensive legislation. This legislation was needed by Alberta for dealing with the discrimination. This Act required that there should be no discrimination in the field of employment. This Act was required to form a commission for the purpose of prohibiting inequality. In the area of employment, this Act was formed for giving equal treatment to all the people. It was upheld that no employer could arbitrarily refuse any individual to be hired only because he belonged to a particular caste or religion or was disable. The main reason for this Act to be made was that gender equality was to be provided through this Act. Also an independent commission was required to give decisions on these atrocities. One of the recent amendments that were made in this Act is in the year 2015. This amend ment was made so as to include the equality between the genders(jhcentre, 2017). It was stated in this amendment that gender identity and also expression would also have to be added and that these would be the two grounds for prohibition of the discrimination among the people. This would be effective on 11th December, 2015. There were various reasons or this amendment to be made. The first reason was that before the advent of this amendment the gender equality was already a ground under this Act. However, both the gender identity and also the gender expression were to be implicitly protected and paid heed under this ground of equality of the gender. However, the amendment that was made to the Act made it explicitly mandatory for everyone to include these two grounds of protection and that the people could not be discriminated on the basis of these two. This is the reason why these laws came into force (Alberta Canada, 2016). Purpose: The main purpose of this Act is to prohibit the discrimination of the employees that takes place in the place of employment. No person can be discriminated on the ground of color, race or caste or any place of origin. Gender equality is one of the main aims of this Act (Rocky Mountain Civil Liberties Assoiation, 2014). This Act was formed for the purpose of establishment of a commission. This was known as the Alberta human Rights Commission. This commission is a quasi- judicial body which implements the human rights in the city of Alberta. It was established that for the resolution of the complaints of any kind of discrimination. This helps in the reduction of the discrimination. Through this Ac, the equal opportunities could be rendered to any person and also the inherent dignity of that person would be recognized. These rights being the inalienable rights of a person are fundamental to the human kind and therefore, it is important for rendering peace and justice in the world(University of Alberta, 2017). This Act seeks to state that all the people should be treated equally and no differentiation has to be made in terms of color, gender and physical disability. Multiculturism is therefore one of the most important virtues to be followed. This Act states that no one could be denied employment on th e basis of caste, race, gender etc. All the people can enjoy the services that are customarily available and can live anywhere (Anderson, S., 2015). Key Sections: The key sections of this project are Section 3 to section 6 wherein discrimination cannot be made. Section 6 where equal pay is to be given. Section 15 to 19 states about the Alberta Human rights Commission. Enforceability: Every person whether a make or a female is liable for the enforceability of this Act. Every employer has to make sure that this Act has been followed. Employee A who is a male and Employee B who is a female are both working in a company. Employee A gets $ 10,000 per month and Employee B gets $ 5000 per month for the same work. They both work for 8 hours in the company. Sections Applicable: Section 6(1) of the Alberta Human Rights Act states about the equal pay to the equal sexes. Applicability: This Section would be applicable to the present situation as this section says that both the sexes need to be paid by the employer and have to be paid at the same rate. Both these employees were working for same duration and were doing exactly the same work still there was a difference between the salaries paid to them. This discrimination had been made on the basis of the sex. Therefore, he would be liable for the same. A person A denied to the person to any of the goods and the services or any sort of facilities that would be available customarily to all the public. Sections Applicable: Section 4 would be applicable to this situation. Applicability: This section would be applicable to the present situation as under this section no discrimination could be made between the people on any basis. Problems: Under this Act, if any of the provisions have been derogated then under section 20 (UCalgary, 2017), a person who is aggrieved may file a complaint against the wrongdoer. Bibliography Alberta Canada. (2016). Employment standards and labour code. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from https://www.albertacanada.com: https://www.albertacanada.com/business/invest/employment-standards-and-labour-code.aspx Anderson, S. (2015). Jurisdiction. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from https://www.labourrightslaw.com: https://www.labourrightslaw.com/human-rights/ jhcentre. (2017). Alberta human Rights Act. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from https://www.jhcentre.org: https://www.jhcentre.org/understanding-human-rights/alberta-human-rights-act Koshan, J. (2016). Alberta Human Rights Act Applies to Condominium Corporations. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from https://ablawg.ca/: https://ablawg.ca/2016/04/13/alberta-human-rights-act-applies-to-condominium-corporations/ Rocky Mountain Civil Liberties Assoiation. (2014). Freedom of Expression and the Alberta Human Rights Act. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from https://www.rmcla.ca/: https://www.rmcla.ca/blog/?p=314 UCalgary. (2017). Chapter 4- Provincial Human Rights Legislation. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from https://www.ucalgary.ca: https://www.ucalgary.ca/cared/files/cared/discriminationpart3.pdf University of Alberta. (2017). What are Human Rights? Retrieved January 20, 2017, from https://www.ualberta.ca: https://www.ualberta.ca/vice-president-finance/audit-and-analysis/human-rights-resources-training/about-human-rights/what-are-human-rights Women and the law in Alberta. (2015). The Alberta Human Rights Act. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from https://www.lawforalbertawomen.ca: https://www.lawforalbertawomen.ca/womens-rights/the-alberta-human-rights-act/

Sub issue and recommendation for Biovail Case Essay Example

Sub issue and recommendation for Biovail Case Essay Sub issue: Other than having fraud conducting of revenue recognition, Biovail Corporation also has overestimated the amount of Wellbutrin XL on the truck. The company estimated that revenue associated with this shipment was in the range of $10 million and $20 million and confirmed that the manufacturing cost value of this shipment had been fully insured. The trooper estimated that the truck was about one-quarter full. After the investigation done, the analyst stated if there had been $20 million worth of Wellbutrin XL pills on the truck, it would have been full or nearly full. In addition, Biovail Corporation also has expired of Legacy product patents. The Legacy product portfolio included the well-known brands Cardizem CD, Ativan, Vasotec, Vaseretic and Isordil. These products were not actively promoted by Biovail and represented non-core assets for which patent protection had expired. However, sales of Cardizem CD have represented 40% of product sales at Biovail. Biovail Corporation also having problem in report the revenue because it based on channel stuffing. Channel stuffing is the action sends the distributor more product than they are able to sell in order to increase earning. Distributors hold the excessive amount of product. We will write a custom essay sample on Sub issue and recommendation for Biovail Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sub issue and recommendation for Biovail Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sub issue and recommendation for Biovail Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The conflict of the self-interest is the one of the issue that will be arise as the CEO of the company has the share in Biovail Corporation. Recommendation Have the code of ethics. Biovail Corporation should have the code of ethics in it management. In calculating revenue, FOB structure of the product should have been understood in the deep. The overestimated of the product quantity should be avoided because it can lead to bad reputation of Biovail Corporation. The overestimated of quantity of product in the truck that are involved in accident has make the public look at the Biovail Corporation as the firm that are not have the ability in having efficiency management. Other than that, it will give bad reputation because public seen Biovail lied as to get the insurance claim. Biovail Corporation also should follow conservatism principle in record the loss and revenue in uncertainty situation. Have the code of ethics to understand each product term and ethics according to the  accounting principles. This ethics code can save the company from doing the fraud. Renew the legacy product patent Biovail Corporation should renew the legacy product patent. From the case, these products were not actively promoted by Biovail Corporation and represented non-core assets for which patent protection had expired. This situation will lead the competitor to compete with Biovail. Biovail should be caution because one of the legacy products, Cardizem CD has representing 40% of product sale in it firm. So, renew the patent will maintain this percentage of product sale. Having the Good Corporate Governance Structure Biovail Corporation should investigate the background of the Corporate Governance before hire. It must be make sure that they are independent and free from bias.