Promotion of Stroke and Heart Diseases Research Paper

Promotion of stripe and Heart Diseases - Research Paper ExampleThis essay therefore explores the aforementioned elements in detail. Promotion of calamity and affectionateness unhealthinesss Stroke and heart diseases are the third and the first describe diseases respectively that result into postgraduate conclusion rate in both men and women in the get together States of America. Additionally, they are considered to be the study widespread and high cost diseases that most nations have to deal with. However, it is pregnant for citizens to take the initiative in order to pr in timet these particular diseases. This is because these type of diseases can be easily prevented and thus reduce the death rates caused by the same. According to research carried discover by Smoller et al (2007) 33.6 % of total number of deaths that occurred in the United States of America were as a result of each bezant or other forms of heart diseases. Statistics further indicates that 150,000 deaths that occurred in 2007 in American were individuals below the age of 65. Moreover the aforementioned diseases not further cause death but also disability with more than 4 million cases in the United States has been caused by the same. ... merica (Smoller et al., 2007).Therefore, treatment of both stroke and heart diseases impacts negatively on the funds and other resources of the kingdoms health care scheme. However, over the past years the rate of death caused by stroke and heart related illness has reduced considerable in the United States of America. Therefore, it is expected to reduce even further by 2020. However, among certain populations the incidences of the diseases in addition to death rates have remained high. For instance it has been reported that the diseases is commonly prevalent among certain ethnic and racial groups to be specific individuals living in southeast Eastern regions of the United States of America and those who experience low social economic status. A study carried out by Smoller et al (2007) indicated that African Americans are at a risk of dying from cardiovascular disease as compared to their white counterparts. Additionally, the percentage of women diagnosed with stroke annually is higher than that of men. Moreover, another study carried out by Karasek (1996) reported that American Indian and natives from Alaska have reported high percentage of premature deaths as a result of heart diseases as compared to other ethnic or racial groups in the United States of America. It is important to note that stroke and other forms of heart diseases are easier to prevent rather than to treat. Therefore individuals need to lease a positive lifestyle (Karasek, 1996).Tobacco smoking is one of the factors that can increase the chances of one suffering from either heart disease or stroke. Hence individuals are encouraged to stop smoking. Moreover, people should have a healthy weight and ensure that they are physically active (Kawachi et al., 1 994). More importantly, it is important for people

Justification write up for nominating for Environment, Health & Safety Term Paper

Justification write up for nominating for Environment, Health & Safety award - Term Paper ExampleCentral Operations is committed to creating and sustaining an disaster free culture for our employees and customers, as well as the public. Each operating system is responsible for combine EH&S considerations, aimed at minimizing and controlling potential risks and hazards, into the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the comp whatsoevers energy talking to system and facilities.Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) was performing the design of the East Side Access (ESA) project, which is intend to bring Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) to the Grand Central Terminal. As part of this project, blasting was performed to take stumble their wall adjacent to the existing go delivery system. This blasting created vibrations below ground which damaged the steam support components. As a result of the blast, a 16 steam pipe shifted and fell off the supports. Engineering, in collaboration with Operations, determined the risks, scope of work, performed stress analysis, layout, and field inspections to resolve this problem. SDE and Steam Operations make field visits, identified the potential risks, and acted urgently to maintain safety, reliability, and to restore the system.In an effort to restore the system, the team inspected the affected site and recommended installing 4 special beam guides at the pipe offsets to accommodate for unusual pipe stress. Due to limited drilling depth, as a result of city sewer pathways pass over below our structures, the guides were designed to have a special base plate and anchor bolts. Field inspections plant asbestos containing material insulating the original steam pipe. The abatement crew removed the asbestos insulation, using procedure 11924-5, and prior to doing any construction work to re-align the main. They then took measurements submitting them to contracted engineers selected to begin work on the repairs. N ext, our

Business Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Analysis - Case withdraw ExampleThe Company drew popularity in the 1940s as a cleaning company that offered its go to the defense forces of nations curiously those involved in war. The Tennant brand is strong and so is its positioning within the market. They soon hold approximately fifteen percent of the global market share, with sales growing faster than more an(prenominal) of their competitors. Tennants focus was rare as they chose to deliver a sustainable value to their customers without compromising on price or performance. This strength is not imitable with new companies as it something that is built over time although many existing companies have built the same brand strength with their harvestings. This strength has proved to be a sustainable competitive advantage for Tennant. They have exploited this strength and achieved organization. Key Issues 1) Tennant needs a strategic plan that leave assure them future growth in the wake of competition and uncertainty in the market. 2) The market diversification plans at Tennant are intense. Tennant should focus on making their current product lines stronger. 3) Tennant is ceaselessly facing new competition, much of which is offering discounted products making it difficult for Tennant and other companies in the attention to compete. Criteria and valuation of Alternatives by Criteria SWOT Analysis Strengths Tennant has strength in their discovery and early adoption of new technologies. It has allowed them to pattern relationships with various suppliers and service providers and has helped further build their brand name and recognition within the perseverance. This strength will be critical if Tennant chooses to venture in to new market segments or further expand their product line as they will always be a step ahead of their competition. This strength has proved to be a key competitive advantage for Tennant. They have exploited this strength and achieved organization. Weaknesses This industr y is mostly affected by the growing consumer demands that surpass production capability of any company. Due to this identified demand, the industry has experienced substantial growth, emanating from the expansion of market by competitors. Opportunities also arise as a vector sum of growth. This is reflected by the current state of intense competition in the industry. Political factors fuel this demand especially due to policies regulating health standards and application of such efforts to ensure cleanliness. Opportunities The primary identified opportunity of the industry is that of providing chemical-free cleaning product alternatives as supplements to their already established product lin

Mechanical engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mechanical engineering - Research Paper ExampleHere are a few observations.The easiest sources where from bls.gov and usnews.com. They have simple and well documented report on what is required for one to maneuver to mechanical engineering. They gave accurate information about whats required once a person takes up the course, what to expect in terms of the difficulties of the job as well as the salary.Salary ranges where given from closely all the sources. From (Bls.gov, 2014), mechanical engineers median annual salary was $ 80,580.this was back in May 2012. It was during this year that, the engineers in the low 10% region bring in less than $52,030 annually and those in the top 10% earned nothing less than $121,530. The site gives the salary ranges of the top five industries. The highest employers were Computer and electronic product manufacturers who paying(a) them $84,860 annually, followed by Architectural engineering, Transport and equipment manufacturers, Machinery manufact ures and the lowest employers were in the Fabrication industry that paid them $69,890 annually. Other sources had about similar figures but I prefer this one (Bls.gov, 2014)A bachelors degree in mechanical engineering or mechanical technology is required. This is a fixed requirement on some universities. However some colleges offer 5year programs that cover both Bachelors degree as well as Masters. (Money.usnews.com, 2014). The right program takes 4-5 years to complete inclusive of the internships. Apart from the educational requirements, one is required to have different qualities. One has to have the creativity in them. One should have great listening skills. Maths also a key quality as most of the time, you give come across several(prenominal) work stations.one should have mechanical skills in them. Lastly is they should be good problem solvers as they will encounter challenges that will require them to work on it in no time at all. (Bls.gov, 2014). on that point is other ki nd of information that is given in some

Critical context, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical context, - Essay Exampleong had never taken place at all found on an assessment of economic and other losses and injuries that have been caused to the Plaintiff.3 Tort offers an option for the victims to shift at least some of the costs for the damages that they have to bear on to others who may be partly responsible for the fate of the victim. In order to establish a cause of action under tort, terce aspects must be establishedLiability under tort is generally determined along the lines of (a) stark financial obligation or (b) no fault liability. Under the tort of strict liability, a defendant pass on be obliged to pay damages for a breach of duty of care and the Court will not question whether or not the defendant has acted in a justifiable manner. On the other hand in a case of no fault liability, it is possible that a victim may not receive damages for the harm caused if there has been a good justifiable reason for the legal injury that has been perpetrated on th e victim.Applying this to the case of the Marsh Down domesticate children, the children and their parents could have had good cause to file a suit for tort on the basis of personal injuries at the disco, if they had suffered them. Firstly, the nature of the harm would have been somber enough to merit a cause of action, secondly, the cause of such injuries would have been the wrongful action of the schoolhouse in giving publicity to the August camp in the local paper, especially in place of ethnic diversities among the school children. The School could have therefore been a party to the suit, with the supervising teachers Clyde West, James, Dot and duff being cited as respondents. It is the school that is most likely to be held liable, because the teachers are employed by the school and injuries that have occured to students at the dicso are the result of the failure of the teachers to protect them. As a result, vicarious liability will be imputed to the school, since an employe r is expected to be responsible for the negative consequences

Technology, Literacy, Authentic Assessment Article

Technology, Literacy, Authentic Assessment - Article prototypeThe Shanahans drew their population from grade, pith, and high school students (Timothy and Cynthia, 2012). The denomination deduced that teaching disciplinary literacy would offer learning benefits middle and high school students.The article provides keywords expected to be found by readers throughout the article, which is positive because it prep atomic number 18s them. The keywords are terms that the Shanahans consider important for conceiveing disciplinary literacy. I found it also helpful that the article does not contained any other unexplained terminology or complex diction, which makes it simpler for the average reader to understand it. The only downside I witnessed with the article is the authors professional-amateur contrast wherein they gathered open information. Here, the authors do not succeed in linking experts analphabetism in disciplinary literacy to teachers tools or solutions for teaching their classe s today. The article could have utilize a numerical approach for this particular section to establish a thorough demonstration of responsibility for disciplinary illiteracy amongst schools today.Researchers William R. Watson, Christopher J. Mong, and Constance A. Harris conducted the study at a remote high school in a small townspeople in the Midwestern United States. The study was aimed at exploring the situation of a second-years high school class. Watson, Mong, and Harris used a population of four classes by a specific teacher with each an estimated count of 25 students (Watson, Mong, and Harris, 2011). The study was conducted by analyzing a video game made for academic purposes pertaining to the Second World state of war called Making History. Watson, Mong, and Harris collected observational data, focus group and questionnaire fillings, and record reviews. The study found out that utilise video games to teach in classrooms leads to a change from a conventional teacher-focuse d learning

Munk Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Munk weigh - Essay ExampleThe only city that has such state in Europe is London. There be only eleven European Union countries with a population of below six million. The hoidenish is cardinal times the geographical size of Canada fox. If the country were to be divided like Europe, it would have about ninety nation states. mainland mainland Chinas population has many advantages that will contribute to its economic and political index finger in the 21st century. The country has approximately 1.2 billion people with the size being proportional to its economy. The countrys large population contributed to its poor economy in the past decades because the largest percentage consisted of young individuals who were dependants. However, a large percentage of the population currently consists of the mature working population. This has contributed to the present economic explosion. The current population structure has resulted into the broad(prenominal) human capital in China (Munk debat es). The 21st century will snuff it to China because its economy is increasing at an advanced tempo compared to other countries globally. For instance, in the past thirty years, its economy has risen by a factual value of about 10. The current report of the IMF shows that China will be largest financial system in the coming years. Its economy has already surpassed the US because it is the largest shaper especially in the car market. Global financial reports withal show that the demand for its cars will join on by tenfold in future. By 2035, the country will be using a fifth of the global energy. The global market analysts assert that only a country with the largest industrial production fanny lead the world. China is currently the largest industrial producer based on its large population. It goods are on demand because it supplies its products to the developing countries at cheap prices. The countries also supply skilled and cheap labor that is also on high demand in many fore ign countries. This has enabled china to compete more effectively in the market compared to its rivals. The developed countries focus on selling their goods and attracting investors from other developing countries. China targets the developing world like the African countries leading to the expansion of its market especially the automobile (Munk debates). In the past, China relied on investors, but it is currently one of the major investors today because of its 3 trillion dollars global reserves and other assets worth 200 billion dollars. Chinas economy is also expanding because of innovations and high property education. For instance, the students at Shanghai topped in Mathematics with a score of 600, while the students in the US became 25th with a score of 487 when education achievements of students of the age of 15 were ranked last year (Munk debates). Furthermore, on that point are high chances that China will rule because the economy of the West is declining at a high rate b ecause of economic crisis that resulted from excessive gambling. Additionally, the US will be spending more on debts than on defense. The West is also losing its political powers because of political crises that are exemplified by the game of Russian roulette everywhere the US federal. The business taxes in China are very low, and this has attracted many investors. The US is among the countries with the most embossed business tax rates. Additionally, th

Global Financing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Financing - Essay ExampleCountertrade is classified under v divergent pillowcases namely occupation, heel counter purchase, offset, switch trading and buyback. There are five distinct types of countertrade -- occupation, counter purchase, offset, switch trading, and buy back. Under this essay, we will focus on the meaning and the significance of distributively type in the international trade scenario.Barter can be defined as a straight off vary of goods and services, or both, between two parties without a money transaction. It involves exchange of goods for goods and does not involve cash payments or receipts. Although in theory barter appears to be the simplest arrangement, in practice it is not commonly utilise or practically implemented.It can be said that the expansion of bartering in the US is mainly because of barter companies or barter exchanges. According to popular estimates, there were roughly 600 barter exchanges among which 500 acted as clearinghouses for the exchange of goods and services between their clients and 100 were corporate trade brokers that exchange trade credits for assets, and goods and services so as to make it a part trade and part cash transaction. In a manner, barter dealers or barter exchanges facilitate a common platform upon which members exchange goods and services either by pure barter or through mixture of barter and cash. The barter exchange generates its profits from membership and renewal fees and from certain commissions which are based on a component of the gross worth of each operation. The fees usually range between 5 to10 percent. Under certain arrangements, some barter exchanges also consign a monthly administrative fee. The most significant purpose of a barter exchange is to foregather the needs of potential traders.Counter PurchaseCounter purchase is a form of mutual purchase agreement. It occurs when a firm agrees to purchase a certain tote up of materials back from a country to which a ba rgain is made. Typically, there will be two distinct contracts. One of them will relate to the sale of goods/services by the trading company for which it will be paid a specified amount of hard currency. The other form will require the trading company to spend some correspondence of this revenue to buy goods from a list provided by the importing country. The counter-purchase may vary in survey between 10 and 100% of the original export order. The imports bought require not be related in any way to the goods/services exported. Generally, there is a specific time period (normally three years) deep down which the counter-purchase must be made. Thus, in this form of counter-trading (unlike pure barter), exports only partly finance the purchase of imports. In fact, they simply help equilibrise costs on imports at a later date. In this manner, a counter-purchase transaction is not undertaken because of a lack of convertible currency or incapability to obtain credit. Nevertheless, it h as practically been used by planned economies as a tool for scheming foreign trade and ensuring that exports balance imports.OffsetOffset is similar to counter purchase since the exporter is required to purchase goods and services with an agreed percentage of the proceeds from the original sale. The main difference is that the exporter can fulfill this obligation with any firm in the country to which the sale is being made. Certainly, its importance appears to be growing fast. It involves an agreement under which an exporter integrate into his final examination product, along with certain components and

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

English bod - Essay modellingarticles and journals that support this motion while drawing reference to The Constitution of the United States of America and supports the idea that the swallow age ought to be lowered.The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 highlights the ethical benefits of setting the stripped drinking age of the American population at 21. Although some states have completely instituted a exile on the consumption, purchase and handling of drinks to the minimum age required, others allow them although under tight restrictions. The national practice of law in specific requires all state laws to prohibit semipublic possession of souse beverages by minors. However, the public possession law does not apply to possession of beverages in religious functions, while in the party of adults and parents who are older than 21 years. The law also does not term it as a detestation when a medical practitioner such as a physician, doctor or nurse prescribes an lush dr ink to a patient. It is also not illegal for a minor to possess and consume alcoholic beverages in a private function. Some observers point out the illogic of the age according to determination making process. Constitutionally, any person who has attained the age of 18 is regarded as an adult and has a right hand to vote in national elections. An adult according to the law is a person who can furbish up informed decisions and be accountable to the government. There should be no special application of the bill of rights to this class of people when it comes to drinking laws. An adult is an adult, so long as constitutionally one is perceived to be capable of making informed judgments. Thus, the law ought to be repealed to lower the age to 18.According to Zimmer and entertain (n.p.), the law prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks to persons of 18 years has failed. Many arguments have been raised on the impracticability of the issue. Zimmer and Hatch, (n.p.) compar es the alcohol related problems of America and the united kingdom and comes

Breast Cancer research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Breast Cancer research paper - Essay showcaseBreast malignant neoplastic diseases can develop in one or both fronts and argon typically classify as either invasive or noninvasive. Non-invasive crab louses be also known as in situ cancers because they are confined to a specific site in the body. Invasive cancers have the ability to spread passim the body. Patients with doorknocker cancer will typically come in for treatment complaining of increased breast pain, unusual lumps felt under the skin, and/or nipple discharge when not lactating. Although these symptoms are often caused by auspicious, or non-cancerous, processes, it is imperative that an accurate evaluation is made of the patients condition to rule come out the possibility of cancer. In one study, 16 percent of women between ages 40 and 69 came to the doctor with breast complaints over a 10-year period. (Barton, 1999) It is for this reason that evaluation of breast complaints and screening for breast cancer account f or a large proportion of the primary physicians case load and will remain a significant part of the primary care practice. Although there are an estimated 190,000 women in the United States diagnosed with breast cancer every year, the number of women receiving screening mammography as recommended continues to vary between only 72 and 81 percent. These verse reflect the number of insured women who receive the recommended care of receiving mammography screening between the ages of 50 and 64 at least every two years, more frequently when additional risk factors have been identified. It goes without saying that uninsured women receive less preventative care. Despite this, breast cancer mortality has declined gradually over the historic decade to about 40,000 per year. (Bloom, et. al, 2000) Screening is performed when there are no signs or symptoms of illness as a precautionary measure in women with high risk factors or women within the recommended age group. When symptoms are present, such as breast pain, lumps and nipple discharge, evaluation procedures may require going a bit beyond the simple screening procedures. Even after a history of risk factors has been established and an examination rivet on the specific complaint have been completed, ruling at most benign disorders as macrocosm the cause of complaint, treatment may still need to take place to remove the issues caused by the benignity. If cancer is suggested following these tests, discussions with the patient regarding diagnostic modalities imaging, aspiration or biopsy should be discussed during the office visit. Because breast cancer manifests itself in a variety of ways, differing in histologic, biologic and immunologic characteristics from patient to patient, this clinical evaluation may prevail to referral of the patient to more advanced studies. As discussed in the previous section, breast masses can be placed into different categories, many of which are benign. Overall, cancerous lumps di ffer in many ways from benign lumps. They are much harder than benign masses they are also fixed and stationary while benign lumps are more movable. Identifying of five risks through nursing assessment Although women with genetic dispositions for breast cancer are typically aware of the risks involved and strive to keep up to date with screening and regular

How the current labour market conditions have impacted on resourcing Dissertation

How the current ride market conditions flip impacted on resourcing and talent trouble activities - Dissertation ExampleThis essay discusses that with the passage of time man pick of the organic laws has gained all- measurable(prenominal) place in the organisation. The military man imaging is now viewed as important strategical partner of the overall organisation. For this purpose, organisations are working hard in order to come up with in force(p) and efficient human beings resource management strategies and policies. Organisations are coming up with appropriate human resource management strategies in order to use the human resource as a source of agonistical edge over other competitors in the industry. One of the important elements of the human resource management is of human resource be after, which allows the organisation to carefully plan the elements connect to human resource. With the help of human resource planning and employee resourcing the organisations work to match the demand of the labours with supply of the labours. However, it is important to notice that there are some(prenominal) immaterial and macro scotch factors which directly influence the process of human resource planning and employee resourcing. There have been several research studies conducted in order to understand the impact of the external factors on the human resource policies of the organisation. Hence, it is important to consider these external factors while devising the human resource policies. Some of these factors include conditions of the labour market, scotch conditions, etc. Because of all these changing factors the human resource policies and strategies of the organisations should be flexible and should incorporate all important elements. 1.3. Significance of the Research Study The research study is of high importance for the human resource master and analysts along with the organisation who are striving to devise effective and efficient human resource ma nagement policies and strategies. The research study will explore the impact of the changing labour market conditions on the activities related with the employee resourcing and human resource planning. It is important to acknowledge here that the human resource policy of any organisation cannot be formulated in isolation and organisations should also consider the external factors. One of the main factors in this regard is of the labour market. The conditions in the labour market directly influence the supply of the human resource which in turn affects the human resource planning strategies and activities. Apart from this labour rules and regulations also influence the human resource policies of the organisations. The management of organisation ensure that the human resource management policies are according to the regulations impose by the government. Another important macro environment factor in this regard is of the economic conditions. The economic conditions impact the labour m arket and in turn also impact the human resource policies. 1.4. rationale of the Research Study The main motivation behind the research study is to understand the impact of the labour market conditions on the employee resourcing and the human resource planning activities of the organisation. The labour market c

Write a discution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write a discution - Essay Exampletough environment to retain or get the right skilled employees, and it is for this reason, that organizations are continuously seeking for the best skills in their HR teams. My experience in HR has been great the smelling of identifying and managing talent has been the best and on top of my professional goals. I always feel proud to arrive at a connection between the employees and management.I agree with you on the point that the most important imagery an organization has are its employees. Therefore, having a good management system to attract and retain skilled employees in truth advances the performance of the organization. Finally, helping the employees get benefits and rewards for their efforts, while at the same time proving to the management that the organization is playacting at its optimum point is an important task for the HR.I agree with you on the role of HR towards the employees. They should be able to address employee issues, and c reate a conducive environment that will allow the employees improve their performance. A happy employee is a positive sign towards a companys performance and the HR should always be responsible in ensuring the employees are happy and

Discount Pricing - Prices in a slow economy Article

Discount Pricing - Prices in a loath economy - Article ExampleA survey conducted from Henry H. Harteveldt represented that companies are trying to burn down on their business travelling budget and are very strictly and cautiously reservation decisions regarding air travel for business (MOUAWAD, 2012).This article relates to the course because the course is about pricing decision making, in pricing decision making the companies such as the airline companies have to decide whether or not to increase prices and what activities idler be done in order to attract more customers. This decision can not be made by the companies until and unless they take the decision making of the travelers and consumers in their analysis. Their analysis get out show that the consumers do not have confidence in the economy and they are spending funds very cautiously, they are trying to save every penny in order to ensure dough and to remain safe from going out of business.MOUAWAD, JAD. Business set of f Is Rising, but Not Necessarily the Travel Budget - NYTimes.com. The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.

Contract Law - the Rules of Offer and Acceptance Case Study

sign Law - the Rules of Offer and Acceptance - Case Study ExampleAccording to Chen-Wishart, a contract is a promise (or agreement) which is enforced (recognized by the law. Bhana, Bonthuys, and Nortje state that Contracts are agreements between parties who have the intention to pull in legal rights and duties between them and which are legally binding upon the parties. Therefore, in order for a contract to populate it is necessary for the involved parties to have the intention to enter into contractual relations with the other party and communicate that intention in a legal manner. A contract consists of the following elements An Offer an Acceptance in strict compliance with the terms of the expand Legal Purpose/Objective Mutuality of Obligation similarly known as the meeting of the minds Consideration and Competent Parties. Considering the case under analysis, the author shall focus on the first two elements notch and acceptation. - The first requisite of any contract is an agreement. An agreement is formed of offer and acceptance. Therefore, in order for the parties to reach an agreement, there must be an offer and acceptance. - An offer is an undertaking by the offeror made with the intention that it will bind the offeror as soon as it is certain by the offeree (the person to whom it is addressed The binding force of an offer in case of its acceptance is support by the definitions given by other authors, such as Bhana, Bonthuys and Nortje (2009, 25), who specify that a valid offer is an invitation by one party to create obligations with another party, which obligations will become legally binding upon the acceptance by the other party. An offer can be made whether orally, in writing or by conduct. An offer contains the following - a proposal of the terms of the exchange - an intimation of willingness to be reverberate as soon as the offeree manifests acceptance. An offer puts the offeror on risk it confers a power on the offeree to bind the offer or at the precise moment of acceptance thereafter, the offeror loses his ability to withdraw from or further negotiate the arrangement.

USA Sports Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

USA Sports Law - Case rent ExampleSports torts are legal actions taken against professional athletes, teams, organizations and other parties in the sports field for a cultured wrong d wiz against and individual (Epstein, 2008). In this case, Vikings will be accused of a tort against one of their spectators, Johnny Sharman.What Sharman will be fighting for is a recovery of the medical expenses incurred and other associated losses. This is because the injury was caused by the negligence on the part of Vikings. The courts may decide that Vikings owed a duty of care towards the fans that were attending their matches. Because Vikings breached that duty, the courts may rule that the defendant is liable to the damages that were caused by this negligence. There is the aspect of fans expectations. Sharman and his father, when they came to the field, expected to be defend from injuries arising from other spectators. It was the duty of the security agents of the club to refuse entry to the field fans who were drunk and who were liable to causing injuries to their fellow fans. This expectation may nullify the waiver on the back of the ticket. This expectation, though not state on the ticket, was implied, or can be referred to as an officious bystander.The defence of Vikings will be that al fans assumes the risk of being injured during a game. This is expressly indicated on the back of the ticket, and a purchase of the ticket equals acceptance of the terms. As such, Vikings is partially liable or not liable at all. Sharman was negligent because he was not drunk, yet he went and sat together with drunkards who were likely to cause damage in the sport. refinementVikings is either partially liable or not liable at all in this case. It is not fully liable given the fact that they had taken the precautions of erecting the wire mesh and inserting the waiver clause on the ticket. Sharman is partially or fully liable because the ticket indicates that he is liable, and he we nt to sit with drunkards. interrogative sentence Two Billy Rogers NBA Draft Legal MemorandumYour recent problems, as Billy Rogers and an athlete at State University, stem from the fact that you are unable to attain the relevant academic qualifications for the forthcoming NBA draft. Your jinx has been the refusal by the New School to admit you for the independent degree program, whereby you could have acquired a degree and equal for the draft. It is my understanding that you have made three trial runs, all to no avail. It is only after the third trial that you became aware of the alleged irregularities with which your application was handled. Allegations of plagiarism and dropping of some topics from your dean led to the school assenting officials overturning of the decision

An ironical due process system Essay Example for Free

An ironical due procedure brass EssayMore often than not, we provoke to see or read the news. We get to inspect at the headlines or top stories. After that, we often come away with a feeling of lugubriousness or revolt in us. We feel that due process has often not been served in the events that we realise in the news. But is the arguing of due process advocates right? That it is better to let ten masses go free rather than convict one barren person correct? In this light, I do agree with the statement, that we should set free shamefaced people rather than convict an innocent man. The statement seems to be noble and even speaks of a time that the system of justice entrust be completed in meting out justice in our society. But that time is not now, guilty people get off scot-free and innocent people are sent to jail. Am I confusing one with the opposite? Let us clarify the answer. The system that we have right now may not be the perfect system. Yes, for all its faults, it is not perfect, but it is the only system that we have (FreeLawAnswer, 2007). Convicting an innocent man would be a miscarriage of justice, the thing the system wants to avert.Yes, it fails at times, but we should intend in the system, unless chaos and disorder runs amuck. In the final analysis, in agreeing with the statement, it is still better to let ten or more guilty people go then convict an innocent man. But in agreeing with it, I still suppose that these guilty people are still within arms reach of the justice system. Maybe they impart not pay their dues here, but they will pay it, one way or another. We must believe that if they escape the justice system here, definitely they will not escape the justice system of the nigh life.But is it like that that guilty people can escape here and innocent people will be victims of an imperfect system? Maybe, but again, we must believe that we would rather have a system that is not perfect but in place rather than not have one at all. Reference FreeLawAnswer. (2007). Would you rather set 10 guilty people free rather than convict an innocent person. Retrieved February 13, 2008, from FreeLawAnswers website. http//www. freelawanswer. com/law/1146-3-law-4. html

Education School Essay Example for Free

Education schooling EssayEducation is a topic that has been implemented on our generation more than ever before. However, it is non for the grades, degree or the income that pedagogy should be important to us. It is for the sake of learning and developing our character that education should be valued. When sight go to school, they receive education and thus become give instructiond, however, these people must sustainment in mind that a major portion of the world receives no form of formal education. delinquent to their good fortune, the educated people have responsibilities to the world.The first responsibility of an educated soulfulness is to help educate others. This may come in the form of teaching classes, tutoring, helping others or simply correcting errors. When we teach people we spread the value of education and share skills that are essential for survival. Other people are able-bodied to think rationally and evolve into a self dependent person through the knowle dge they attain. at a time people are educated, they are able to prevent others from taking advantage of them or cheating them. by education, people are besides able to use the resources they own efficiently and sparingly.Finally, education allows people from various nationalities and locations to communicate and work together in a beneficial harmony. The second responsibility of an educated person is to aim to advance to a better future. It is through evolution that we have become more able and learned. For this process to be beneficial and continuous, we must use it and upgrade it through our use. In the past, communication was a problematic process, today we have e-mail accounts, cell phones, chat sites, video chat sites and messengers for instant communication.Presently, spheric warming and oil depletion are major complications. If we are able to advance and address this problem, we would be apply our education beneficially. There would be less violence over oil and the f uture would be a less worrisome place if global warming was tackled. However, this is just one amongst the billions of changes we could make, all to create a better future. The third responsibility of an educated person is to create or maintain stability and society in the world. through with(predicate) stability and order, the worldbecomes a much safer place where people share respectfulness for each other and live in harmony. When there is order, people are insured of payments for their services. They are actuate to work-hard and use positive, instead of negative means to earn their income. Thus, through stability and order, ethics can also be implemented into people.Thus, the three main responsibilities of an educated person are to educate others, aim for a better future and create as well as maintain stability in the world. Through these goals, the world becomes a positive place and continues to flourish after each generation.

Christopher Columbus a Villain Essay Example for Free

Christopher Columbus a Villain EssayShould a macrocosm whose actions created a wave of genocide and killight-emitting diode thousands of innocent natives be considered a hero? In todays time, Christopher Columbus is be intimaten through the United States as the one who found the country we currently hold water in. But is that actually true? Over galore(postnominal) years, his history has sparked a day that is a medical record of his discovery. I count that he is the mastermind behind the genocide of over 250,000 Native Americans, piece others believe that he was only a man with a passion for exploring. I personally believe that Christopher Columbus had not a single good intention when he first stepped foot on the Americas back in his time and showed negative glory for his nation, discovery and personal glory.Christopher Columbus found the Americas, however today he takes credit for discovering a new world. Native Americans had been living in civilizations across sexual u nion and South America long before Columbus had discovered it. This journey has now ruined many of those enslaved, and impacted as well as his precious reputation. With his expedition, he exposed countries to new disease, violence, and slavery. His discovery led him to ruin the Americas of its natives and its resources. These horrible actions should be added to Columbuss reputation, which shows him to be a villain in American history.Christopher Columbus had evil intentions from the start of his voyage when he promised to repay, Spanish monarch and founder of Columbuss travels, with gold, spice, and other servants. When he first arrived in what he thought was Asia, he quickly gathered the natives and introduced them to slavery. He also returned to europium with the Native Americans possessions. In a resource I studied clearly and bias freely I read the following , a sailor called Rodrigo saw the moon shining on white sands, and cried out. It was an island in the Bahamas, in the Car ibbean Sea. The first man to sight land was supposed to get a large reward, provided Rodrigo never got it. Columbus claimed that he had seen a light the evening before. He got the reward.We humans today know that when something new comes into the picture, something old must come out. No matter which side people choose, they all chalk up that Columbus made a major impact on the Americas.

Dramatic irony Essay Example for Free

Dramatic irony Essay(Act 3, ikon 3, line 135) I think thou dost and for I thou rt full of love life and genuiney This is ironic because Othello thinks Iago is a honest man when in reality Iago is scheming against him ForeshadowingAct 3, scene 3, line 100- 103) Excellent poor devil Perdition catch my soul This line foreshadows bad events that will happen if Othello falls out of love with Desdemona. SymbolHandkerchiefsymbolizes Desdemona and Othellos bond and marriage and once it is lost we see that their marriage is coming apart. conundrum(Act 3, scene 3, line 202) Poor and content is rich, and rich enough In this quote Iago is comforting Othello with a paradox after Iago arouses Othellos suspisious of Desdemona be unfaithful.Hubris(Act 3, scene 3, line 314) tis the plague of great ones In this line Othello is being very hubris because he is basically say that great people have to suffer more than ordinary people. He is showing his big ego and is using it to convince himsel f why Desdemona would be unfaithful to him (Act 3, scene 3, line 406) Pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war In this quote Othello is talking about his correct as a general, and how since Desdemona cheated on him that everything he had is now gone.Metaphors(Act 3, scene 3, line 441- 445) Her name, that was as fresh as dians visage, is now begrimed and black This line is a metaphor because Othello basically saying the Desdemonas repuation was as black-and-blue as snow. (Act 3, scene 3, line 514-517) Never, Iago.Like to the Pontic Sea, Whose icy current. This line is a metaphor because Othello is saying that is rage or violent thoughts are flowing like a river.Allusions(Act 3, scene 3, line 442) As Dians visageOthello is qualification reference to the goddess of chasity

School Funding Essay Example for Free

instill Funding EssayYoure a ninth grader at a aim in Philadelphia. The neighborhood is pitiful, even if non all of the students atomic number 18. Your teach has very upsetly berth for things handle figurers or technology. You walk into second period one day, stupefy down, and discover that the floor next to your desk is damp. The teacher explains that there is a news outpouring in the roof, and that the train banking company concede to fix it. The inform pietism pass on to fix the leak or pervert estimators because it is inadequately funded. So the governing kindly lends your school the funds to non only fix the leak, scarcely barter for computers. besides does that necessarily motivate you to improve your grades? Do you suddenly decide to do your homework because the leak is fixed? Probably not. The government sees that your grades remained the same, and two years later, when our school selects to hire to a greater extent than teachers and gear u p the classes smaller, the government denies the school that funds. They say that since money didnt help your grades last condemnation, why should it help you now? precisely the truth is that smaller classes and better teachers do improve student achievement. Members of our government claim that giving more money to schools will not crap a difference, moreover the government funding for schools take ups to be used effectively to see a change in student performance. (Connell) The reason that some schools lingo do things akin buy computers and maintain their buildings to begin with is because the school funding agreement is so ineffective. The US government pays only 7% of all school money, and the rest is up to the states and the tax payers.Whatever money the states wont pay is paid as school tax, part of your holding taxes, which are higher or imprinter depending on how much your home is worth. But this fashion that schools in slimy neighborhoods get lower-ranking money while wealthy schools, same(p) ours, get nearly all they need. You dont see any holey roofs in our school. Even if the state pays a lot of money, that still doesnt mean that the schools are well funded. In Hawaii, there is only one school district, and the state pays for nearly all of that districts funding. Only 2% comes from property tax, and the rest comes out of income tax.But think about the industry in Hawaii- farming and tourism, two low income industries. 73% of Hawaiis schools report a need for expensive building repair that they pietism afford on their own, and there is only one computer for each sixteen students. Even funded evenly by the state, Hawaiis schools are still under funded, and it has been predicted that by 2010, Hawaii will need 760 new classrooms. ( topic Education Association. ) Where will this money come from? It is up to the national government to make the difference in school funding. Take dada for example.The Philadelphia school district is near ba nkruptcy. The debate goes on over whether to privatize the schools or not. If the schools are privatized, it mode that a wealthy company will take over the district and fund it. The only riddle with this is that the company now has the power to control all(prenominal)thing in the district, including teacher salary, equipment, and even broadcast. Now if you were a personal line of credit owner looking to make money, and not looking to educate children, you would most comparablely chose to change the plan to fit your own financial ambitions.It would be completely within the limits of the law for the company that owned these schools to slow down the curriculum in order to save money, thus lowering the level of education stock by students in Philadelphia. And what would be the first to go? Sports, Art, music, drama, and any other subject that isnt included on the standardized tests or SATs. How would you like to go to a school where there is no football team, no marching band, no cheerleading, no chorus, no trips to the State Drama Conference? Thats where schools in Philadelphia are headed. (Snyder) canvas that to my school district, just a short drive away. Every teacher has a laptop and every student has Internet access. Were looking at new classrooms of the future, where every kid gets a personal computer and all board work is done on a high tech projector. We have a Frisbee team, for heavens sake. And some schools dont even have money for textbooks. Inequality in school funding is so widespread that fixing it would mean a lot of work for government officials. But while they mull over how to fix it, the least they could do is help out the already failing schools.Nearly one one-fifth part of all schools are considered high poverty, which means that three quarters of the students in these school qualify for escaped or reduced lunch. A study of 40,000 students by the US Department of Education showed that students in poor school districts, even if they c ame from wealthy to middle class families, scored two grade levels lower than the national bonnie in math, and four levels lower in reading. (Overview) The government needs to be willing to help these schools with things like staff training and building maintenance.They should not hold it against the school if revamping the building doesnt improve student grades. What the government is doing, in essence, in punishing the victims of its own inept frame. The assumption that money doesnt help kids in school is just that- an assumption. Money can make a huge difference, only if a lot of the condemnation it is wasted or used inappropriately. One school district began a highly expensive political scheduleme to help kids doing poorly in school. The aides helping with the weapons platform did exactly what they were told, and reported all the boost made by kids in the program, which was little.It was a long time before the teachers participating in the program realized that it was u seless, and that the money had been wasted. (Connell) If the guinea pig government is going to help fund failing schools, those schools do need to be held, to a certain extent, accountable for that money. In Philadelphia, so much money was wasted that the overindulge and national government now refuse to help fund it any longer. What is needed is a placement to make sure that money given to the school is used effectively, so a tragedy like Philadelphia doesnt repeat itself.It is also important to remember that computers do not heal all wounds- they are not a magic pill to improve grades. But teachers are. The important thing in school is teaching. A recent study showed the link between class size and grades by placing a random plectron of children into three groups- a large group with one teacher, a medium group with two teachers, and a small group with one teacher. It was shown that kids in smaller classes with well trained teachers did much better than those in larger classes, even if the teacher had an aide to help.And the students who benefited the most, believe it or not, were those who came from families with less income. (Connell) Why? Possibly because they dont perk up that kind of one on one attention at home, or possibly just because a smaller class is easier for a teacher to handle. Either way, the goal is achieved. Kids who live in the city and poorer neighborhoods be the same education as the rest of us, and if their schools cant pay for it, the government should. Helping the country is the governments job, but how are they able to help anyone if they cant start with Americas children?Our constitution states that All men are created equal, but these day that means kids too. Our education sets the tone for the rest of our lives-from getting a job to providing for a family and having experience of the real world. Giving some students a better education than others, just because of the value of their home, is unconstitutional. If the present placement doesnt provide the resources for schools to provide an equal education for all, then the government needs to pick up the slow down of their own system.The money given to the schools by the government must be used effectively if a change is desired, and the way to do that is by hiring better teachers and making class size smaller. If the school itself cannot afford to educate its students, then the government needs to provide the school with the money to do so. Theyre Americas children too. Works Cited Overview. condition Funding Inequity. 2000. Noreen Connell. Under Funded Schools-Why Money Matters. School funding Inequity. March/April 1998. 2000. NEA Government Relations. School Modernization Facts- Hawaii. National Education Association Web positione.May 23, 2001. Susan Snyder. PA to study school district finances The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 4, 2001. Julie atomic number 19 and Erica Lepping. Education Report- Shows Poverty Linked to Student Achievement. S chool Funding Inequity. Sptember 8, 1998. 2000. Funding Schools Appropriately Youre a ninth grader at a school in Philadelphia. The neighborhood is poor, even if not all of the students are. Your school has very little money for things like computers or technology. You walk into second period one day, sit down, and discover that the floor next to your desk is damp.The teacher explains that there is a leak in the roof, and that the school cant afford to fix it. The school cant afford to fix the leak or buy computers because it is inadequately funded. So the government kindly lends your school the money to not only fix the leak, but buy computers. But does that necessarily motivate you to improve your grades? Do you suddenly decide to do your homework because the leak is fixed? Probably not. The government sees that your grades remained the same, and two years later, when our school needs to hire more teachers and make the classes smaller, the government denies the school that money.T hey say that since money didnt help your grades last time, why should it help you now? But the truth is that smaller classes and better teachers do improve student achievement. Members of our government claim that giving more money to schools will not make a difference, but the government funding for schools needs to be used effectively to see a change in student performance. (Connell) The reason that some schools cant do things like buy computers and maintain their buildings to begin with is because the school funding system is so ineffective.The US government pays only 7% of all school money, and the rest is up to the states and the tax payers. Whatever money the states wont pay is paid as school tax, part of your property taxes, which are higher or lower depending on how much your home is worth. But this means that schools in poor neighborhoods get little money while wealthy schools, like ours, get nearly all they need. You dont see any holey roofs in our school. Even if the sta te pays a lot of money, that still doesnt mean that the schools are well funded.In Hawaii, there is only one school district, andthe state pays for nearly all of that districts funding. Only 2% comes from property tax, and the rest comes out of income tax. But think about the industry in Hawaii- farming and tourism, two low income industries. 73% of Hawaiis schools report a need for expensive building repair that they cant afford on their own, and there is only one computer for every sixteen students. Even funded evenly by the state, Hawaiis schools are still under funded, and it has been predicted that by 2010, Hawaii will need 760 new classrooms.(National Education Association. ) Where will this money come from? It is up to the national government to make the difference in school funding. Take daddy for example. The Philadelphia school district is near bankruptcy. The debate goes on over whether to privatize the schools or not. If the schools are privatized, it means that a wealth y company will take over the district and fund it. The only puzzle with this is that the company now has the power to control everything in the district, including teacher salary, equipment, and even curriculum.Now if you were a caper owner looking to make money, and not looking to educate children, you would most likely chose to change the curriculum to fit your own financial ambitions. It would be completely within the limits of the law for the company that owned these schools to bleak down the curriculum in order to save money, thus lowering the level of education legitimate by students in Philadelphia. And what would be the first to go? Sports, Art, music, drama, and any other subject that isnt included on the standardized tests or SATs.How would you like to go to a school where there is no football team, no marching band, no cheerleading, no chorus, no trips to the State Drama Conference? Thats where schools in Philadelphia are headed. (Snyder) discriminate that to my scho ol district, just a short drive away. Every teacher has a laptop and every student has Internet access. Were looking at new classrooms of the future, where every kid gets a personal computer and all board work is done on a high tech projector. We have a Frisbee team, for heavens sake. And some schools dont even have money for textbooks.Inequality in school funding is so widespread that fixing it would mean a lot of work for government officials. But while they reverberate how to fix it, the least they could do is help out the already failing schools. Nearly one fifth of all schools are considered high poverty, which means that three quarters of the students in these school qualify for set down or reduced lunch. A study of 40,000 students by the US Department of Education showed that students in poor school districts, even if they came from wealthy to middle class families, scored two grade levels lower than the national intermediate in math, and four levels lower in reading.(Over view) The government needs to be willing to help these schools with things like staff training and building maintenance. They should not hold it against the school if revamping the building doesnt improve student grades. What the government is doing, in essence, in punishing the victims of its own inept system. The assumption that money doesnt help kids in school is just that- an assumption. Money can make a huge difference, but a lot of the time it is wasted or used inappropriately. One school district began a highly expensive program to help kids doing poorly in school.The aides helping with the program did exactly what they were told, and reported all the fortify made by kids in the program, which was little. It was a long time before the teachers participating in the program realized that it was useless, and that the money had been wasted. (Connell) If the National government is going to help fund failing schools, those schools do need to be held, to a certain extent, accountab le for that money. In Philadelphia, so much money was wasted that the overindulge and national government now refuse to help fund it any longer.What is needed is a system to make sure that money given to the school is used effectively, so a tragedy like Philadelphia doesnt repeat itself. It is also important to remember that computers do not heal all wounds- they are not a magic pill to improve grades. But teachers are. The important thing in school is teaching. A recent study showed the link between class size and grades by placing a random woof of children into three groups- a large group with one teacher, a medium group with two teachers, and a small group with one teacher.It was shown that kids in smaller classes with well trained teachers did much better than those in larger classes, even if the teacher had an aide to help. And the students who benefited the most, believe it or not, were those who came from families with less income. (Connell) Why? Possibly because they dont learn that kind of one on one attention at home, or possibly just because a smaller class is easier for a teacher to handle. Either way, the goal is achieved.Kids who live in the city and poorer neighborhoods deserve the same education as the rest of us, and if their schools cant pay for it, the government should. Helping the country is the governments job, but how are they able to help anyone if they cant start with Americas children? Our constitution states that All men are created equal, but these day that means kids too. Our education sets the tone for the rest of our lives-from getting a job to providing for a family and having acquaintance of the real world.Giving some students a better education than others, just because of the value of their home, is unconstitutional. If the present system doesnt provide the resources for schools to provide an equal education for all, then the government needs to pick up the dilatory of their own system. The money given to the schools by the government must be used effectively if a change is desired, and the way to do that is by hiring better teachers and making class size smaller. If the school itself cannot afford to educate its students, then the government needs to provide the school with the money to do so.Theyre Americas children too. Works Cited Overview. School Funding Inequity. 2000. Noreen Connell. Under Funded Schools-Why Money Matters. School funding Inequity. March/April 1998. 2000. NEA Government Relations. School Modernization Facts- Hawaii. National Education Association Website. May 23, 2001. Susan Snyder. PA to study school district finances The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 4, 2001. Julie ballpark and Erica Lepping. Education Report- Shows Poverty Linked to Student Achievement. School Funding Inequity. Sptember 8, 1998. 2000.

Investigating the effects of heat treatment on metals Essay Example for Free

Investigating the effects of cacoethes intercession on surfaces EssayMetals have various uses in a wide range of industry, where the properties of each metal determine what the metal will be used for. When a metal properties need to be changed to get together particular needs, it can be modified by processing the metals with intercessions such as cold work and heat treatments. Structure of metals Metals are made from their ore, at extremely high temperature. In this form, metals are in a liquid form. The liquid metals are cast by pouring it into moulds where it is sedates down and solidifies. When metals are frozen, crystals bug out forming.These crystals begin to form throughout the metal, where they keep they keep rapidly growing until they reach a adjacent growing crystal structure. These crystals are c alled grains, where crystals that meet with one an separate are called grain boundary. break Dislocation are formed when defects are found in the crystal structures. This is often caused by when atoms are wanting(p) in a layer, This is shown in figure one. Secondly, the metal trip should be placed on conduct of the hottest part of bunsen burner burner. The metal should be kept there until is is seen glowing red.Once the metal has deceased red, it should immediately be plunged into the previously filled beaker in step 1. Lastly swirl the beaker vigorously for thirty seconds. Tempering With any metal discase that has been quenched, place the strip unto a bunsen flamer until the metal strip goes a dull red. Once the metal has gone dull red, slowly remove the metal from the bunsen flame and pace on a heat proof mat, where it should be left to cool to mode temperature. Annealing Firstly, heat metal strip for five minutes on the hottest part of bunsen flame.the all length should of the strip metal should be heated. Next, half close the bunsen flame and continue oestrus the metal on the non luminous flame. When a minute or two has passed, start ing moving the metal strip in and out of the flame, top start cooling down the metal. After a equate of minutes, remove the strip from the flame and place it on a heat proof mat, where it can cool to room temperature. Cold work Once the metal has been cooled down, a marker should be made 30mm from the diadem of the metal suing a felt tip pen.The shorter end of the metal strip should then be set apart in between two wooden blocks(the marker line should still be visible). The wooden blocks should be clamped firmly on the knock back or bench to keep the two blocks in place. With leather gloves, scrunch up the metal strip through 90 degrees where the strip is lying alongside the wooden block ( shown in picture B). The metal should be bending where the marker was made. Now the metal should be stage set one hundred eighty degrees from its position, this is shown in picture C. This in total counts as two bends.To conclude, the strongest metal in the cold working was steel where it s napped after 44 bends. This changed when the metals where quenched, copper showed the al well-nigh significant change, where the metal bent 64 generation before snapping indicating an increase in lastingness of copper. Significant changes was excessively present in aluminum. Quenching on the other hand had very little affect on steel, as the data shows that steel bent 43, slight decrease compared to cold working where the steel bent on comely 44 times. overall the most affected by quenching was copper, followed closely by aluminum, with the lowest being aluminum which has broke on average after 42 bends. In annealing, copper by off the beaten track(predicate) was the strongest metal where the average number of bends was 75. Aluminum and steel however, only bent 32 and 35 times, respectively. This shows that annealing heat treatment does little in increasing the strength of steel and aluminum. The heat treatment tempering, managed to increase the strength of copper and aluminu m by a large margin, compared to the other two treatments.This indicates that tempering may be the best heat treatment due to it making copper bend on average 84 times and aluminum 64 times, which are the highest average for both metals. The strength of steel on the other hand decreased under tempering. Generally, aluminum showed the most changes on all three treatment, with tempering having the most effect. Copper strength also increased under all heat treatment, with it also showing the most significant change under tempering. Steel however, was either unaffected or decreased under all heat treatments, this may due to experimental errorsEvaluation The procedure for each metal on the table above was repeated three times, to ensure that the experiment was reliable. New strips of metals were used for each new treatment to ensure that the accuracy of the results is not changed. In addition, the length was each metal was made the same, to make the results valid. The metals also needs t o be bent as close to the strip as possible, as bending the strips to far may cause the metal to bend quicker, affecting the accuracy of the results.

Project Management Essay Example for Free

render counselling EssayMoving forward to begin the process of managing the slyness press out project for LRH Products, it is measurable that all aspects of the process argon actualizeed correctly and efficiently. After studying the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) and the nine intimacy vault of heavens, I have ascertained that the following three argonas are of utmost importance to the success of this project Project Time Management, Project Human Resource Management, and Project Communications Management.Project Time Management, which contains the sub- athletic fields of Activity Definition, Activity Sequencing, and Activity Duration Estimating is a very important part of planning for the trade show. Activity Definition is perhaps the most crucial aspect of this area. If this timbre is not thoroughly researched and all scenarios accounted for, it quarter impact the rest of the planning activities. It is essential to remember that fosterage is one activi ty which must(prenominal) be properly time managed and added to the schedule, as well. Even one bury item send packing put the entire project behind schedule.Unfortunately, if time is not managed properly, there dirty dog be no extensions to the trade show date. Activity Sequencing is a bit less important although it must also be given careful consideration. Oftentimes, the performance of one activity hinges on the completion of another(prenominal) so little regard to this area could also impact the time to achieve all demand activities. Activity Duration Estimating can be one of the trickiest parts of the planning process, especially for a upstart manager who has no first-hand experience dealing with the assigned personnel and little or no knowledge of resource availability.Oftentimes, managers will respond to questions regarding time in an optimistic manner, believing that this is what their superiors want to hear. It does no tidy to anyone knotted to seriously underestima te the amount of time required and can add undue accent to those assigned tasks with no hope of completing them according to schedule as well as harmfully affecting motivation and commitment. It is vital to of all time allow enough time to get hold of all that ask to be done as well as accounting for changes which may hamper progress. Of course, as hesitation declines, the time estimate becomes ever more accurate (Billows, 2006).Project Human Resource Management entails organisational Planning, Staff Acquisition, and Team Development. This is important in that one person cannot perform all tasks and requires the help of a team. According to Trade Show Advisor (2008), the effectiveness of your exhibit team can make or break your success at any given show. Deciding on who is best outfit to handle each activity is vital, although when large amounts of personnel are needed (depending on the size of the trade show) it may be necessary to train round members who might not have pri or experience. curiously for a new manager, it is best to assign tasks based on areas of strength for instance, it is known that Pat enjoys modify the collateral. This is a perfect assignment for Pat, then, and the effective manager will base goal times on completion around this employees schedule vacation in order to ensure it is performed effectively. Dealing with Terry, who can make travel arrangements but often makes mistakes in setting them up, means additional time considerations to perform follow-up on Terrys work to check for accuracy. Staff Acquisition is another area of consideration.Due to the limited amount of time each assigned employee is available to devote to the project and keeping in mind that unexpected circumstances, such as illness or personal emergencies may occur, it is always wise to have a selection of personnel from which to select as back-up. Ensuring that all staff members are on the same page and communicating frequently will aid in Team Development. E veryone involved must realize that this project is a team effort and commit to doing whatever is necessary to accomplish goals. As well, it is critical to encourage honest and open communication so that there are no surprises as the project nears its end.Staff members must know that it is all right to admit they are not going to make a deadline, in order for the project manager to come up with alternatives earlier it is too late to fix. Project Communications Management is by far the most important area of the project management plan. A loss of, or breakdown in, communication can have dark results for the entire project. If not properly managed, lost or missing communication can mean the staff attending the show are unprepared, or do not have the necessary resources.Within this unspecific category are the areas of Communication Planning, Information Distribution, Performance Reporting, and Administrative gag rule. Communication Planning deciding who need to know what is a top ic best addressed carefully. It takes the ability to look at the big escort to best determine who must stay in the loop. Oftentimes, it is assumed that a minor player, such as an administrative assistant, need not be croakd with as much, or as often, as others, but this can be a fatal mistake.Remember that support staff left behind during the trade show itself are the only lifeline between clients and absent gross sales managers. It is also a good mood to have one staff member who is not attending the show to be fully communicate of all activities in the project. Information Distribution is also a key component, especially when deciding how to communicate vital information. It is important to ensure that all team members receive communications in a apropos manner and let the project manager know it has been received to avoid later problems or excuses.Similarly, advance Reporting is an additional area in which it is vital to ensure the manager is working with the most streetw ise information and that all personnel are aware of how their progress, or lack thereof, impacts the entire project. Administrative Closure is the final step in communication of the project. This is where the manager is held accountable for the success of the trade show and the resulting sales leads which must be followed up on after its conclusion.

Balanced scorecard, “definition” Essay Example for Free

Balanced scorecard, definition assayWhat is scorecard, how tail we define scorecard, is it possible to provide a total comprehensive meaning? Scorecard is not a one word definition brass, so in order to do justice to the question, what is scorecard, it is prerequisite to take a comprehensive approach to that question. If you can measure it you can manage that is the guiding impression behind the BSC anxiety philosophy. The balanced scorecard system was designed by Kaplan and Norton in the 1990s with the nonsubjective of giving managers the tool to look into the bulky term prospect of their organizations with some measure ofreliability. So the BSC is some(prenominal) a management and a quantity tool that when fully and accurately implemented ordain alter businesses to develop their own vision, and their own strategy, and then translate those business elements into business actions. It is a system that can give businesses an authentic feed rear about their internal and external results. And that in turn would enable them to develop a genuine strategy. Since a company with superior strategy and a way of measuring the results of its performance functions do better than companies that do not posses similar tool. (Kaplan Norton 1996).With BSC managers are able to a maintain a force out insight into the operations and management of all business units. It gives the manager the picture that he needs to overtake how the business is performing when it is compared against the plans, and stated objectives of the business. If a discrepancy is observed between the goals and the actual results, BSC enables practitioners to delve in and correct the noticed discrepancy. And when corrections are made effectively, the business would then redirect the necessary efforts and resources back to the expected reports.It has beenabundantly documented that companies that use BSC support a highly accurate and generally ripe view of their sinless operations and its perfo rmance. BSC does not simply employ financial metrics in its measurements, still it uses customer satisfaction, technical and intellectual psychiatric hospitals, market share and market competition to garner better more reflective and more comprehensive results of company operations and performance. And there are very little doubts that this system is effective for those companies that rescue designed and executed the system. (Nevin 2003).A comprehensivesurvey/questionnaire conducted by CIO. Com, Balancedscorecard. org, and Microsoft. com revealed that companies that employ BSC have improved their financial and future position in the market place. (Studentweb. tulane. edu). A study by Nevin 2003 indicates that about 50% of fortune 1000 corporations now have employed some form of BSC management performance metrics. (Nevin 2003). That alone means that all of these companies have used the BSC system to position themselves on a better financial and management future. With BSC organiz ations are able to articulate a comprehensivestrategy towards desire performance, and implementation success. On the whole the BSC system employs tree main systems in order to accomplish its objectives.It uses the measurement system, the strategic management system, and the communication tool. (Nevin 2003). These three factors present only as translation tool to the entire strategy of the BSC business system. The measurement system of BSC uses the lead indicators to forecast future business environment. It reveals the strategy via long term management that focuses on customer satisfaction, innovation and recognition of potential market competitors.It seeks out innovation for the benefit of superior products. It deploys essential resources in order to capture customers that it would retain for the long run. It looks for realistic ways to retain its customers. And it combines all of those factors for both effectiveness and efficiency. It is the measurement aspect of BSC that fully e ngages the four perspectives, so these perspectives will be discussed here in a little more detail. The four perspective as have been mentioned on this discourse include the customer perspective, the internal process perspective, and the learning and growth perspectives.

Valuing Wal-Mart Essay Example for Free

Valuing Wal-Mart EssayIn early February 2010, Sabrina Gupta, an investment advisor with a major brokerage souse, was examining Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart) sprout and its valuation. Gupta wondered whether to recommend the received to any of her new clients or to existing clients who did not currently have Wal-Mart in their portfolios.BACKGROUND OF WAL-MART STORES, INC.Based in Bentonville, Arkansas, and founded by the legendary Sam Walton, Wal-Mart was the worlds largest retailer, operating to a greater extent than 8,400 stores worldwide, including stores in all 50 states international stores in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Mexico, Puerto Rico, South Korea, the United Kingdom joint meditation agreements in China and a stake in a leading Japanese retail chain. Worldwide, Wal-Mart had 2.1 cardinal employees (known as associates), who served more than 200 million customers each week. During the fiscal twelvemonth ended January 31, 2010, Wal-Marts clear up sales wer e more than US$405 billion. Exhibit 1 presents a summary of Wal-Marts 2009and 2010 financial statements. Wal-Marts st computegy was to provide a broad assortment of quality production and services at mundane low prices.It was best known for its discount stores, which offered merchandise such as apparel, small appliances, housewares, electronics and hardware, but also ran combined discount and grocery stores (Wal-Mart Supercenters), membership-only warehouse stores (SAMS Club) and smaller grocery stores (Neighborhood Markets). In the general merchandise area, Wal-Marts competitors include Sears and Target. In terms of specialty retailers, its competitors included Gap and Limited. Department store competitors included Dillards, Macys and J.C. Penney. Grocery store competitors included Kroger, Supervalu and Safeway. The major membership-only warehouse competitor was Costco Wholesale. Wal-Mart became a publicly traded menage in 1970 with an initial billet price of $16.50 per share an d subsequently, in March 1974, declared its first specie dividend of $0.05 per share (after devil two-for-one 1This case has been written on the basis of published sources only. Consequently, the interpretation and perspectives presented in this case are not necessarily those of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. or any of its employees.Analysts generally believed that Wal-Mart would continue to be palmy in consistently increasing profits, resulting in the consensus annual earnings growth forecast of 10.40 per cent for the attached five years. As of February 2010, according to Bloomberg L. P., Wal-Mart shares were ranked as buys in the coming six to 12 months by 20 analysts, holds by 7 analysts andsells by none of the analysts. These rankings (which amounted to an honest of 4.41 on a five-point scale) currently exceeded the average buy/hold/sell mix among Standard Poor (SP) 500 firms (at 3.94) and among the hypermarkets and supercenters subindustry (at 4.23). Analysts consensus projected W al-Marts pose price was $60.50 per share, relative to a recent closing price of $53.48 per share.Over the 2010 fiscal year, Wal-Mart shareholders had generated a extreme return (including dividends) of 9.69 per cent, and the consensus stock price forecast ranking (as measured by buys/holds/sells) was above that of the overall market. Wal-Marts 52-week high stock price was $55.01 per share and the 52-week low was $46.42 per share. Gupta noticed that Wal-Mart shares had a price-to-trailing earnings (P/E) ratio of 14.40 multiplication (based on the last four quarters of earnings) and an indicated dividend yield (based on the current 2010 quarterly dividend and current stock price) of 2.0 per cent. Exhibit 2 presents a graph of Wal-Marts stock price for 10 years, and Exhibit 3 provides historical dividend data. In determining whether Wal-Mart was fairly valued, Gupta decided to focus on valuation concepts she had been introduced to in her university contrast courses and in one of her firms training courses the dividend discount bewilder, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and price/earnings multiples.DIVIDEND DISCOUNT MODELSDividends in Perpetuity fit in to the dividend discount model (DDM), the current stock price of Wal-Mart represents the present value of all expected prospective dividends, discounted at an investors required (or expected) rate of return. Under this approach, a share is valued by forecasting dividends in perpetuity, which is not an easy task.To alter the daunting task of estimating all future dividends, a growth trend of the dividends can be used in a much simpler version of the model, which is known as the constant growth dividend discount model. According to the constant growth DDM, the current value of a firms stock price (P0) is refer to next years (expected) dividend (D1) divided by an investorsrequired rate of return (Ke) minus the expected perpetual dividend growth rate (g).P0 = D1/ (Ke g)Alternatively, by rearranging the mod el, the required return can be decomposed into two parts the expected dividend yield (i.e., the dividends anticipated over the next four quarters divided by the current stock price) plus the expected future growth in dividends.Ke = D1/P0 + gIn different words, the required return can be thought of as both a dividend portion and a growth portion that are reflected in future capital gains.Authorized for use only by robert lamour in Finanical Analysis at California State University East Bay from Jun 01, 2014 to Aug 29, 2014. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation.stock splits). It had undergone 11 two-for-one stock splits, and thus, an original lot of 100 Wal-Mart shares had grown to 204,800 shares after the intimately recent split in April 1999.9B11N004Anticipated dividend growth (g) is often estimated in a variety of ways. First, observe historical dividend growth can be assumed to continue in a perpetual fashion. Second, future dividend growth can be estimated on the basis of recent estimates of analysts. Gupta noted that the consensus annual Wal-Mart dividend for fiscal year 2011 was $1.21, and one respected analyst had estimated the expected constant dividend growth (in perpetuity) at approximately 5.0 per cent. When a firm achieves its steady state (i.e., when the annual return on law is just equal to its cost of equity capital), the sole determinant of the growth in dividends is the annual dividend payout ratio. If all dividends are paid out, the firms assets do not increase and therefore the dividend stream will not grow.

Radio Station Interview Essay Example for Free

Radio position Interview EssayAs an AB Communication student, our professor requires us to entertain a Radio Station Visiting in oneness of our major subjects. Our professor gave us a set of challenges that we motivation to ask to the DJ there and we nimble two more questions to be asked. We choose 10.1 YES FM as a Radio Station that we lead visit.We had an interview with Mr. Richard Sarmiento withal existn as anti-racketeering law Paero who has a radio set chopine all Monday-Friday from 3pm-6pm. We choose Ms.Abegail Lamban, One of our group mates to interview him.Her first question that we asked to him was his perception about radio postal service organizational structure. His answer was the production staff, traffic that is in charge for the organization of the commercials next is the action Assistant they argon always on the field assist the upcoming types and the last is the Radio Stations Djs. According to anti-racketeering law, there atomic number 18 11 DJs in 101.1 YES FM.Our next question is how we can know the right organizational structure of a radio station when it comes to programming. There will be a radio clock headed by a radio clock headed by a radio handler whos responsible for the radio program that they will go to air they atomic number 18 also in charge on what songs they will play. The program runs by one talk set for each DJ good for five minutes, fifteen minutes are allotted for the radio commercials, ten minutes are for adlibs and forty minutes is for the songs Rico Paero answered.The following question that she asked is about the sustainable and functions of Radio Stations. Their transmitters are located near SM Megamall. The person who is in charge in that field is the program director, event manager, technicians and engineers who is in charge for the wirings. He course credit some of the situations that they need to function as whole, he overlap to us when Nicole Hyala needs a maternity leave they need to buy a lots of gadgets for them to create on air live all the way from Novaliches. In their field of work, there are also misunderstandings between DJs and technicians that can be resolve by a simple talk.The next question is regarding the various radio formats. According to Rico Paero, only DJ Chico Loco has a radio program title. She also asked him if they are making a way if the listeners are suffering. Their boss arranged the time for them to capture talking. They also read some of the feedbacks especially of it are about their signal as if they dont have a good signal on that particular location and it sounds like mono that youre listening to an AM Station. There should be a limit in reading feedbacks and accostings.The fifth question is the Scriptwriting for radio. Rico Paero said, Some of the DJs who made script are the new ones and they need to have a guide on what to say on air. He also added that you should be prepared of the publication before the microphone went on. Acco rding to him, there should be an introduction wherein you need to introduce yourself, you must cite some situation like traffic updates and weather condition. Your topic must be relatable for your listeners and current events or news. Rico Paero shared to us some of the techniques if you are running out of words you should greet someone or promote some of the endorsements. Our last question that our professor prepared is the techniques in announcing for Radio. Rico Paero said that you should be prepared of what you are going to say, it should be credible and it is necessary that you have a big voice and projection.My other group mates prepared another three questions for Rico Paero one of our questions is his opinion about playing OPM songs every hour. Majority of our songs that we play in our station is OPM there is no problem about that Rico Paero answered.Abegail also asked him why is it that every Sunday, they need to play old songs is it necessary for them to play old songs. Th e elders want the songs that they can easily relate to it and the listeners are also hooked that every Sunday there will be old songs to be play as Rico Paero answered.The last question that been asked does the television helped a lot in the medicinal drug industry of the Philippines. The singers or bands get notice not because of the television but because of the radio Rico Paero answered confidently. The singers and bands get more famous if they already have an album that can be played in radio. That ended our exciting and very humble interview to him.

Authentic materials as supplementary materials

regular(a) materials as supplementary materialsPlagiarism is a practice that chooses the using of another persons intellectual asideput and positing it as sensations own. This includes the presentation of name that has been copied, in whole or fortune, from other sources (including other constellateents work, published decl bes or periodicals, or unpublished works or unauthorized collaboration with other persons), without due acknowledgement.A student plunge guilty of plagiarism leave be subject to to a greater extent or less or alone of the followingReferral to physical body Coordinator for counseling submission of further work practise of the services of Student Learning Unit the placing of a record of the alleged infringement on the students file.Referral of the matter to the Head of School for issuing of written exemplification re-submission of work for assessment or the undertaking of another form of assessment such as an oral or unseen examinationination alloc ation of a fail grade to set about or all of the assessment allocation a fail grade to the subject.Referral of the matter to the Dean for suspension from the quarrel ordained disciplinary action by the University Disciplinary CommitteeStudent DeclarationI decl be that this assigning is original and has not been put overted for assessment elsewhere.I declare that this grant is my own work and does not involve plagiarism or collusion.I give my consent for the electronic version to be examined by relevant plagiarism software computer programs.I fall in made a photo imitation or electronic copy of my assignment, which I peck produce if the original is lost for any reason.Signed ___________ ____________ Dated / /How to submit Your assignmentStudents are required to submit their assignment to their lecturer. This should be done in variety, but arouse be done via email or via the mail with prior agreement from the lecturer. Students should ensure they are aware of how and when t o submit their assignment by checking with their lecturer before the due date.How to Collect Your Marked AssignmentYour work should be composed from the lecturer in class or from the VU-HANU Program Coordinator in HCM City, Ms. Nguyen Thi Thanh Ha or in Hanoi, Ms. Nguyen Thai Ha. If work is not returned in class or prior to the end of semester please tint your lecturer or the program coordinator (Mr. Martyn Brogan )More in coifion about Plagiarism is available from the stave of Arts, Education and Human Development Student Information Website http//www.vu.edu.au/Faculties_and_TAFE/Arts_Education_and_Human_Development/Current_Students/Undergraduates/Faculty_Student_Forms/indexdl_88408.aspxTABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER IIntroduction seek questionsCHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEWText book2.1.1 text edition edition Description2.1.2 Textbook Evaluation2.2 authoritative materials for clairvoyance course book2.2.4. The role of yarn materials2.2.1. Definition of authoritative materials2. 2.2. The role of unquestionable materials2.2.3. Advantages of unquestionable materials2.2.5. The criteria of selecting edition honest materials2.3. Applying veritable(a) materials in colossal tuition program2.3.1. Applying veritable(a) materials in capacious version program2.3.2. endure- meter reading activities2.4. Motivations2.4.1. Definition of demand2.4.2. Factors effecting motivatingCHAPTER III METHODOLOGY3.1 Kind of enquiry3.2 Participants3.2.1 The investigator3.2.2 Selection of the subject3.3 Data army instrumentsCHAPTER IV RESULD AND DISCUSSION OF THE DATA4.1 Comparison of experimental and overcome multitudes reading attainment after the experiment4.2 Comparison of sparing science reading proficiency in the pre- rill and view- taste4.3 Comparison of economic reading proficiency betwixt twain classes4.4 Subjects p call downence of the post reading activities4.5 location to the post reading activities4.6 Discussion and implicationCHAPTER V CONCLUSIONRE FERENCESAPPENDICESAppendix 1 The Pre-Test and Post-TestAppendix 2 Answer to the pre-test and post-testAppendix 3 The post program questionnairesAppendix 4 Result of the pretest and posttestABSTRACTThis query was carried out at susceptibility of economics at Luong The Vinh Univesity (LTV) to prove the assumption that trusty materials could enhance motivating of economic students in reading proficiency.Fifty tertiary year economics students at the talent of economics at LTV University divided in to two groups serve as the subjects for this research. The tar pound class uses the mart Leader- Pre- fair as the course book with real materials as a supplement. The other class uses Market Leader- Pre- liaise as course book only. The research was conducted in the twelfth week of the syllabus with third article of faith hours (of forty-five minutes each) per week. true(p) materials were the reading texts selected from different sources and were chosen by the researcher at the fa culty of side and ensured of reliability. The corresponding questions, similar types of exercise and article of belief methods were designed by the researcher to evaluate proficiency levels of students in the 2 groups and to use them as evidence for the reliability of the assumption. The researcher uses pre-test, post-test and questionnaire as data collection instruments. Results from the experiment prove that the chump group with accredited materials as supplementary materials to the course book was the group where student motive in reading was significantly enhanced.The results of the research state that the role played by authentic materials in wrangle classes, particularly in side of meat for Specific Purpose ( sanction sight) class was of big(p) significance. Authentic supplementary reading materials are hoped to be utilise for the third- year students at economics faculty at LTV in the near future. With the result of this research, it is recommended that authentic m aterials should be used for side classes in frequent and third- year ESP classes in particular at economics faculty at LTV University.CHAPTER 1 accounting entry1. IntroductionIn Viet Nam, English for Specific Purpose (ESP) has long been considered as an important subject because of its practicality-related demand. To adopt the demand of the real economic-social life, ESP is used in the curriculum of Vietnamese universities and colleges and Luong The Vinh University is no exception. At the University, ESP courses in different discipline areas such as Economics, Construction Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Foreign nomenclature and Tourism, information science Technology, and Agricultural sciences are taught with strong evokes from the discipline students. In response to these interests of the students much attention has been paid to the use of ESP text books and materials that bump professional expertnesss. Robinson , Nunan, (1991) keep up that materials in general play a tell apart part in lyric guideing. Materials not only provide students a wide range of recyclable and fascinating information but they also can play a part in enhancing learners motivation- one of the essential issues in language learning- thus, facilitating their acquisition (Dudley- Evan St John, 1998, Nonaka, 2001). However, collecting materials that best serve the learners interests and needs is an obstacle for many another(prenominal) instructors. There arise such questions related to this obstacle as what teaching method materials should be selected? Where a teacher should start? What a teacher should do to boost the motivation of the students and whether authentic materials boost motivation of students in reading. These questions should be considered as authentic materials can surely provide students with fresh knowledge, expose them to the world of authentic language, while they can bring the real world into the classroom and enliven the class (Martinez, (2002), Ka prova, (1999), Leloup Ponterio, (2000), Dumitrescu, (2000) )The deal of this research is to investigate the role of authentic materials in enhancing third- year-students motivation in classes for non-English majored students, to be more specific, students of economics at LTV University.To investigate ways to motivate third- year economics students at LTV University to read by using authentic supplementary reading materials andTo give recommendations on how to use authentic reading materials efficiently.To enhance economics students English reading proficiency and suggest ways to motivate the teaching of ESP in general and ESP reading in particular at LTV University as well as other universities that grant the same mandate.The specific objectives of this research are as follows to investigate the effects of the authentic supplementary materials on the students reading proficiency level. to interpret out about the students attitude to the use of authentic materials as a gist to e nhance motivation of students in post reading activities.This research is organized in 5 chapters, with a list of references and appendices.Chapter one Introduction and research questionsChapter two Literature reviewChapter three MethodologyChapter quaternion-spot Findings and reciprocationsChapter five ConclusionResearch questionQuestion 1 To test the assumption if there is a significant difference amongst the English reading proficiency level of the control group (students who do the course with the textbook only) and those of the target group (students who do the course with the textbook plus supplementary authentic materials).Question 2 To test the assumption of the role of authentic materials in enhancing students motivation in reading activities.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWEnglish recital Textbook2.1.1 Textbook DescriptionAt LTV University, Market Leader Pre-Intermediate is the text book used for third year students of economics. This course book is written by Cotton. D., Fa lvey. D., Kent S.The course book consists of twelve units which can be completed in thirty two weeks with three periods of forty-five minutes per week in eight 4 per week 45 minutes class period each. The total time of 120 periods is divided equally in to two damage of the academic year. Third year economic students complete 4 periods and each period lasts 45minutes a week. The usual format of each unit is coherence among Starting up, Vocabulary, Discussion, Reading, Listening, Languages, Skill, and Case study. The book also pick ups four revision units, strand on materials covered in the preceding three course book units. This course book is mean for pre-intermediate students taking the course of English in Economics. By the end of the term, students are designed to acquire and develop essential line of merchandise communication aptitudes1 Getting for information and note taking.2- Making presentation, taking part in meetings, negotiating, telephoning, and using English in social situations.3- Scanning and skimming, learning and increasing business verbiage.Students are required to read book able to participate in class regularly and involve in the lessons, to do mid-term test at week 8th and the final test at the end of the term.2.1.2 Textbook EvaluationMentioning the issue of evaluating the textbooks Nunan (1988) provides his reader with valuable data resulting from evaluation, which whitethorn assist them in deciding whether a course needs to be modified or altered in just aboutway therefore fitting objectives may be achieved more effectively. According to Cunningsworth (1995 15-17), there are four general guidelines with special dialect on the syllabus and methodology such as the following.Guideline one credit line books should correspond to learners needs. They should duo the aims and objectives of the language learning program.Guideline two Course books should reflect the uses (present and future) which learners will make of the language. Select course books which will help to equip students to use language effectively for their own conclusions.Guideline three Course books should take account of the students the needs as learners and should facilitate their learning processes, without dogmatically imposing a located methodGuideline four Course book should select a clear role as a support for learning. Like teachers, textbooks mediate between the target language and the learners.Looking at the English textbook being used at the LTV University, it is found that the briny aims of the course book Market leader- pre-intimidate is to affirm opportunities for either students or businesspeople to improve their English communication skills in general, their English for business purpose in particular. According to Richards and Rodgers, (1986 66), the nature of communicative approaches is to (a) make communicative competence the goal of language teaching and (b) develop procedures for the teaching of the four languages skil ls that acknowledge the mutualness of language and communication.. To realize these (ie. communicative competence and interdependence between language and communication), the course book being used at LTV University functions as the major provider of teaching materials in 12 topic-based units and four revision units. Each unit consists of language review and vocabulary development activities. Additionally, key business functions are focused on a regular basis and students can practice the language which they have learned during the unit in the section on Case Study.In sum, the textbook is essential for teachers, business men and business students to cater for their needs.With regard to students following the course at LTV University, third- year economics students have studied some economic majors since they are students majoring in economics. Reading texts in the course book seem to be not gainsay to them (as it is easy for them to acquaint themselves with English economic terms a nd vocabularies related to economics).However, evaluating the Textbook which is currently used for teaching ESP at LTV University is indispensable for ESP teachers to identify the strengths and weakness of a currently used textbook.2.2. Authentic materials for ESP course book2.2.1. The role of reading materialsTo all Vietnamese students in classes for non-language majors in general and to economics students at Luong The Vinh University in particular, reading is a task that they do everyday, it is an integral part of their work to pass the exam or to improve their knowledge. Karlin Kartin, (19982) states that Reading without reading comprehension is meaningless. Alderson (2000) defines reading as an enjoyable, intensive, private activity, from which much sport can be derived, and in which one can become totally absorbed. How to collect materials plays an important part in developing reading skill. Referring to materials Alderson (2000 28) defines reading materials as anything whic h is used to help to teach language learners.. brownish (1985 139) defines materials as any systematic description of the techniques and exercises to be used in classroom teaching. If the materials are kindle to students, they will be far more likely to want to read them. Dudley-Evans St John (1998171) show some reasons why materials are used (i) as a sort of language (ii) as a learning sport (iii) for motivation (iv) for references. Materials then play a crucial role in exposing learners to the language, which implies that the materials need to present real language, as it is used, and the full range that learners requires.2.2.2. Definition of authentic materialsWallace (1992 145) defines authentic text as real-life text, not written for pedagogic purposes. (p.145), it is used for native speakers and contains genuine language. According to Peacock (1997) authentic materials are materials that have been produced to fulfill some social purposes in language communities. It means th at they are aimed for learning proposes. Richards (2001) fend fors that authentic materials refer to the use in teaching of text, photographs, videos selection, and other teaching recourse that were not specially prepared for educational purposes. There are many different viewpoints which view authentic materials from different angles but all the authors share things in common in their definitions Authentic materials refer to exposure to real language and its use in its own community, appropriateness and quality in terms of goals, objectives, learner needs, interest and naturalness in terms of realized and meaningful communication.2.2.3. Advantages of authentic materialsThere are a number of books and journals which refer to the advantages of using authentic materials, especially in ESP brand.Firstly, authentic materials have a positive effect on learner motivation. One of the main motivations for learning a new language is to get closer to native speaker, to empathize them better and to take part in their lives, authentic materials strongly utilize this motivation by their linguistic gentility and flavour of everyday life. Authentic text can be motivating because they prove that the language is used for real life purpose by real people. Nuttall (1996172). When students are highly motivated, they prefer to work with authentic materials, poseing it more interesting, more up to date than the text book. They can produce a sense of achievement (Martinez, 2002)Secondly, authentic materials provide exposure to real language. Many authors who support the use of authentic materials have shared idea of authentic materials that are authentic materials provide students with language exposure- the benefit students get from being exposed to the language in authentic materials (Martinez, 2002). Authentic materials give students more chance to shit real information and real-to-life language that help bring the real world into the classroom. Authentic materials and media can fortify for student the direct relationship between the language classroom and the outside world (Briton, 1991). The link between the classroom and real world enables students to comprehend the relationship between learning and practicing.Thirdly, authentic materials provide authentic cultural information. Authentic texts bring learners closer to the target language culture with the materials of native speaker. Books, articles, newspapers, and so on also contain a wide variety of text types, language styles not easily found in conventional teaching materials (Martinez, 2002)Because of these benefits, authentic materials result in an overall increase in motivation, a more positive attitude towards learning as well as active involvement and interest in the subject matter.2.2.5. The criteria of selecting reading authentic materialsThree main criteria for selecting text suggested by Nuttal (1996170) are efficacious in application of selecting authentic reading materials.Firstly, a uthentic reading materials are selected on the basis of suitableness of content, which means that authentic reading texts should be suitable to learners age, background knowledge, interest and need. Authentic materials should interest the readers by providing new, interesting information through natural and learnable language that suits the course objectives. Furthermore, it should be the type of material that students will use outside of the class for enhancing students reading skill. They should fit the proficiency level of students the input should be challenging enough to sustain their motivation so materials which are compatible to the proficiency levels of the students or slightly preceding(prenominal) the level of students should be gathered. Kennedy and Bolitho (1984) strongly suggest the use of authentic materials appropriate to the conceptual level of learners. Authentic reading materials should be used in accordance with ability of students, with suitable tasks so they feel more confident more secure when handing authentic materials. They are designed not only for the purpose of enjoyment but also for practice of reading skill as well. They should be applicable to the students knowledge of their distant culture or to their functional needs.Secondly, authentic reading materials should match up with the criterion of readability. This refers to the combination of coordinate and lexical difficulty. It is important to know at which level the students language proficiency is in order to get out about what vocabulary and structures the students are familiar with and choose authentic reading materials at the mature level balancing different levels of proficiency. How to choose materials appropriate to students is suggested by Widdowson (1990 67) as follows It has been traditionally supposed that the language presented to learners should be simplified in some ways for easy access and acquisition. (p. 67) besides, the sources of authentic reading mater ials are infinite. Teachers can collect them from the most common sources such as internet, television, magazines, newspapers, literature and mammal but some of them are full of errors, typos, and spelling mistakes so teachers should check the quality of the materials while selecting and consider the organization of the text are clear and the content appropriate with the text or not. More important, the impression authentic reading materials should make is the students feel that they are interacting with quality materials because there is an essential interaction between language and vista Goodman (1988 12)Thirdly, authentic materials should meet the criterion of exploitability. These materials should facilitate learning. Authentic reading texts will be exploited if it can develop ESP reading skills with various kinds of activities that are designed not only for the purpose of entertainment but also for language practice. Davies (1984192) gives an interesting explanation of what an authentic material really is It is not that a text is understood because it is authentic but that it is authentic because it is understood. Everything the learner understands is authentic for him.2.3 Applying authentic materials in extensive reading program2.3.2 Applying authentic materials in extensive reading programNuttall (1996) regards an extensive reading program (ERP) as the single most effective way of improving skills in general. An extensive reading brings in students to be dynamic of reading as it is done in real life by including such key elements of real life reading as choice and purpose. And in fact, authentic materials have been defined as real life texts, not written for pedagogic purposes Wallace (1992)They are, therefore, written for native speaker and contain the real. Hedge (2000) indicates, before any training in the use of authentic materials can be effective, it may be the case that a certain level of language competence is necessary. Since reading extensiv ely with authentic materials are the preeminent choice for the third year economics students who study English with a bite authentic environment.2.3.3 Post-reading activitiesPost reading activities provide students a good chance to review, summarize, and react to the reading passage. Williams (1984), Greenwood (1988), and Jacob (2002)s hold that the purposes of the post reading pose, is (i) to consolidate or reflect upon what have been read, (ii) to relate the text to the learners own knowledge, interest, or view. Davies (2000) offers some activities in the final stage discussing what is new or interesting in the text, discussing or debating the topic of the text if it is controversial doing tasks on the language or the structure of the text, summarizing the text either orally or in writing.Jordan (1997143) states that ESP students read for a purpose. To achieve the goal, the ESP teacher, should provide the students with different sub- reading skill though a big variety of readin g activities dealing with contextual differences, rephrasing. The activities are engendered by the text and are used to extend its potential for meaningful language work, a variety of exercises follow the post reading selection. These are intended to help students acquire English reading skill. The exercises may be postulation students to do the close exercises which relates the text to individual personal details postulation students to summarize the economic reading text to list some sentences encouraging students to perform their ability about finding out the main ideas of the text, and make them possible to express their ideas in their own of words.Asking students to present what they have learned from the text in order to together make plans, monitor and review its progress.Asking student to write business letters or reports which activities provide an opportunity for students to apply their new vocabulary to an authentic and personally relevant.Asking students to play a role s o as to persuade audients to involve in the activities.It is an important stage which assists students in linking up what they have read with their background knowledge and experience. Greenwood (1988) regards this stage as stimulating students reprimand upon what has been read and enabling them to expand, and reinforce their perception.2.4 MotivationSo far, the role of motivation in second language learning has been the concern of many language researchers. They all agree that learners with positive attitudes towards the subject and high motivation are more likely to be successful when learning a second language.2.4.1 Definition of motivationCrookes and Schmidt (1991) indicated that motivation is the learners desire that relates to the goal of learning a second language. In the same vein, Dornyei and Ott (1998) assert that motivation energizes human being and provides direction. Brown (2000 160) adds motivation is some kind of internal drive which pushes somebody to do things in o rder to achieve something. Although motivation is very difficult to define in second language field, the main characteristics of motivation can be summarized as (i) attitudes towards the learning a language, (ii) the desire to learn a language and (iii) motivational intensity.2.4.2 Factors effecting motivationAccording to Oxford and Shearin (1994) there are twelve motivational theories or models, including those from social- psychology, cognitive development, and social cultural psychology, and identified six factors that impact motivation in language learning. viewBelief about your selfGoalsInvolvementEnvironmental supportPersonal attributesBased on our discussion with colleagues, we learn that these factors are interrelated and if one of the factors is positively effected, all the other factors will accordingly be influenced and motivation is therefore increased.CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGY3.1 Kind of researchIn order to achieve the aim of the research, pre-experimental research is used by the researcher. Pre- experimental research used in this study is to find out how much students reading motivation improved with time and to investigate the effect of authentic materials on enhancing motivation of students in reading. Nunan (1990) stresses that experiments are often carried out exploring the strength of the relationship between the variables. Salkind (2006) points out those casual relationships between variables may be established with this type of research.3.2 Participants3.2.1 The researcherThe researcher has been an experienced teacher of English for 8 years and been teaching English for business for more than four years3.2.2 The selection of the subjectsFifty 3rd year economics students at faculty of economics, LTV University were divided into two groups as subjects for the experiment. They are both males and females develop from 20 to 22. They come from different provinces in Viet Nam especially many of them are from the southern area of the tearing River Delta in the North of Viet Nam. They all had similar educational background. These students have been acquired the equal background knowledge and skills of English by studying General English for two years in a 240 hour teaching programme at the university. New Headway Elementary and Pre- intermediate has been adopted for the syllabus. In the third year, they have learnt ESP for four months before the experiment.Data collection instrumentsThe experiments were carried out in two classes, which are called target group and control group.The target group uses Market Leader- Pre- Intermediate as course book and authentic materials as supplementThe control group uses Market Leader- Pre- Intermediate as course book only. The research was conducted in the 12 weeks programmer with three teaching hours of forty-five minutes each.The researcher used the T-test to find out the mean (M), the standard deviation (Sd), and the ratio of each group to analyze the data collected from the research. Th e data needed were taken from a test which is used to identify the students achievements. The information on the students reading proficiency, motivation and attitude towards the evaluation were collected by a pre-test, and a post-test.The researcher uses the same test before and after the experiment to measure exactly the different level of reading proficiency of two groups before and after the experiment. The tests were taken from www.about.com and Cambridge University. The test is focus on such specific reading skill asGuessing vocabulary from the contextMatching a word with its appropriate definition intuitionMultichoiceThe test consists of 40 questions divided in to 4 part based in topic of economic plan, deliveries and suppliers, economic terms, business people.The period between the pre-test and post-test was 12 weeks. The time allowance for each test is 60 minutes and the test was delivered for both groups and then collected and graded by the researcher.Firstly, the research er gave students a pre-test to find out about their level of reading proficiency without using authentic supplementary materials. A Post test was given to the students to find out about how much students improved the motivation in reading with time and to investigate the effect of authentic materials on enhancing motivation of students in reading from the research.Beside the tests, questionnaires were also used as data collection instruments so as to evaluate the experimenter techniques were used of the researcher and the materials. Questionnaires also were collected the data of the questionnaires were only gathered in experiment class. Brown (1995) suggests that questionnaires are more efficient for multitude information on a large scale than other approach.The questionnaire consists of 12 questions divided in to four sections. The first section consists of 3 questions in order to get information on the attitude of stud